Pure location assignment (#4352)

67 files changed, 1276 insertions, 513 deletions

diff --git a/crates/typst-ide/src/analyze.rs b/crates/typst-ide/src/analyze.rs
index 748970b8..d27ce176 100644
--- a/crates/typst-ide/src/analyze.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-ide/src/analyze.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use ecow::{eco_vec, EcoString, EcoVec};
 use typst::engine::{Engine, Route};
 use typst::eval::{Tracer, Vm};
 use typst::foundations::{Context, Label, Scopes, Styles, Value};
-use typst::introspection::{Introspector, Locator};
+use typst::introspection::Introspector;
 use typst::model::{BibliographyElem, Document};
 use typst::syntax::{ast, LinkedNode, Span, SyntaxKind};
 use typst::World;
@@ -58,14 +58,12 @@ pub fn analyze_import(world: &dyn World, source: &LinkedNode) -> Option<Value> {
         return Some(source);
     }
 
-    let mut locator = Locator::default();
     let introspector = Introspector::default();
     let mut tracer = Tracer::new();
     let engine = Engine {
         world: world.track(),
         route: Route::default(),
         introspector: introspector.track(),
-        locator: &mut locator,
         tracer: tracer.track_mut(),
     };
 
diff --git a/crates/typst-timing/src/lib.rs b/crates/typst-timing/src/lib.rs
index a972cf72..4e711d5f 100644
--- a/crates/typst-timing/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-timing/src/lib.rs
@@ -59,6 +59,8 @@ enum EventKind {
 /// Enable the timer.
 #[inline]
 pub fn enable() {
+    // We only need atomicity and no synchronization of other
+    // operations, so `Relaxed` is fine.
     ENABLED.store(true, Relaxed);
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst-utils/src/hash.rs b/crates/typst-utils/src/hash.rs
index 82bb76af..dabae24c 100644
--- a/crates/typst-utils/src/hash.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-utils/src/hash.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@ use std::any::Any;
 use std::fmt::{self, Debug};
 use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 
-use portable_atomic::{AtomicU128, Ordering};
+use portable_atomic::AtomicU128;
 use siphasher::sip128::{Hasher128, SipHasher13};
 
 /// A wrapper type with lazily-computed hash.
@@ -70,7 +71,9 @@ impl<T: ?Sized> LazyHash<T> {
     /// Get the hash, returns zero if not computed yet.
     #[inline]
     fn load_hash(&self) -> u128 {
-        self.hash.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
+        // We only need atomicity and no synchronization of other operations, so
+        // `Relaxed` is fine.
+        self.hash.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
     }
 }
 
@@ -78,20 +81,18 @@ impl<T: Hash + ?Sized + 'static> LazyHash<T> {
     /// Get the hash or compute it if not set yet.
     #[inline]
     fn load_or_compute_hash(&self) -> u128 {
-        let hash = self.load_hash();
+        let mut hash = self.load_hash();
         if hash == 0 {
-            let hashed = hash_item(&self.value);
-            self.hash.store(hashed, Ordering::SeqCst);
-            hashed
-        } else {
-            hash
+            hash = hash_item(&self.value);
+            self.hash.store(hash, Ordering::Relaxed);
         }
+        hash
     }
 
     /// Reset the hash to zero.
     #[inline]
     fn reset_hash(&mut self) {
-        // Because we have a mutable reference, we can skip the atomic
+        // Because we have a mutable reference, we can skip the atomic.
         *self.hash.get_mut() = 0;
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/diag.rs b/crates/typst/src/diag.rs
index 15e6a49f..db8a93fd 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/diag.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/diag.rs
@@ -366,13 +366,12 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> At<T> for Result<T, HintedString> {
+impl<T> At<T> for HintedStrResult<T> {
     fn at(self, span: Span) -> SourceResult<T> {
         self.map_err(|err| {
             let mut components = err.0.into_iter();
             let message = components.next().unwrap();
             let diag = SourceDiagnostic::error(span, message).with_hints(components);
-
             eco_vec![diag]
         })
     }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/engine.rs b/crates/typst/src/engine.rs
index 03e4957c..a57a8f1c 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/engine.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/engine.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use comemo::{Track, Tracked, TrackedMut, Validate};
 
 use crate::diag::SourceResult;
 use crate::eval::Tracer;
-use crate::introspection::{Introspector, Locator};
+use crate::introspection::Introspector;
 use crate::syntax::FileId;
 use crate::World;
 
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@ pub struct Engine<'a> {
     /// The route the engine took during compilation. This is used to detect
     /// cyclic imports and excessive nesting.
     pub route: Route<'a>,
-    /// Provides stable identities to elements.
-    pub locator: &'a mut Locator<'a>,
     /// The tracer for inspection of the values an expression produces.
     pub tracer: TrackedMut<'a, Tracer>,
 }
@@ -148,6 +146,8 @@ impl<'a> Route<'a> {
 
     /// Whether the route's depth is less than or equal to the given depth.
     pub fn within(&self, depth: usize) -> bool {
+        // We only need atomicity and no synchronization of other operations, so
+        // `Relaxed` is fine.
         use Ordering::Relaxed;
 
         let upper = self.upper.load(Relaxed);
@@ -183,8 +183,6 @@ impl Clone for Route<'_> {
             outer: self.outer,
             id: self.id,
             len: self.len,
-            // The ordering doesn't really matter since it's the upper bound
-            // is only an optimization.
             upper: AtomicUsize::new(self.upper.load(Ordering::Relaxed)),
         }
     }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/eval/call.rs b/crates/typst/src/eval/call.rs
index 61e5f318..d4b81f02 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/eval/call.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/eval/call.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     call_method_mut, is_mutating_method, Arg, Args, Bytes, Capturer, Closure, Content,
     Context, Func, IntoValue, NativeElement, Scope, Scopes, Value,
 };
-use crate::introspection::{Introspector, Locator};
+use crate::introspection::Introspector;
 use crate::math::{Accent, AccentElem, LrElem};
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
 use crate::syntax::ast::{self, AstNode};
@@ -276,7 +276,6 @@ pub(crate) fn call_closure(
     world: Tracked<dyn World + '_>,
     introspector: Tracked<Introspector>,
     route: Tracked<Route>,
-    locator: Tracked<Locator>,
     tracer: TrackedMut<Tracer>,
     context: Tracked<Context>,
     mut args: Args,
@@ -292,12 +291,10 @@ pub(crate) fn call_closure(
     scopes.top = closure.captured.clone();
 
     // Prepare the engine.
-    let mut locator = Locator::chained(locator);
     let engine = Engine {
         world,
         introspector,
         route: Route::extend(route),
-        locator: &mut locator,
         tracer,
     };
 
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/eval/mod.rs b/crates/typst/src/eval/mod.rs
index 3622c012..2e5eeafd 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/eval/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/eval/mod.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ use comemo::{Track, Tracked, TrackedMut};
 use crate::diag::{bail, SourceResult};
 use crate::engine::{Engine, Route};
 use crate::foundations::{Cast, Context, Module, NativeElement, Scope, Scopes, Value};
-use crate::introspection::{Introspector, Locator};
+use crate::introspection::Introspector;
 use crate::math::EquationElem;
 use crate::syntax::{ast, parse, parse_code, parse_math, Source, Span};
 use crate::World;
@@ -49,13 +49,11 @@ pub fn eval(
     }
 
     // Prepare the engine.
-    let mut locator = Locator::new();
     let introspector = Introspector::default();
     let engine = Engine {
         world,
         route: Route::extend(route).with_id(id),
         introspector: introspector.track(),
-        locator: &mut locator,
         tracer,
     };
 
@@ -118,13 +116,11 @@ pub fn eval_string(
 
     // Prepare the engine.
     let mut tracer = Tracer::new();
-    let mut locator = Locator::new();
     let introspector = Introspector::default();
     let engine = Engine {
         world,
         introspector: introspector.track(),
         route: Route::default(),
-        locator: &mut locator,
         tracer: tracer.track_mut(),
     };
 
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/foundations/content.rs b/crates/typst/src/foundations/content.rs
index 4cae8db7..8a3252fb 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/foundations/content.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/foundations/content.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     NativeElement, Recipe, RecipeIndex, Repr, Selector, Str, Style, StyleChain, Styles,
     Value,
 };
-use crate::introspection::{Location, TagElem};
+use crate::introspection::Location;
 use crate::layout::{AlignElem, Alignment, Axes, Length, MoveElem, PadElem, Rel, Sides};
 use crate::model::{Destination, EmphElem, LinkElem, StrongElem};
 use crate::realize::{Behave, Behaviour};
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ impl Content {
     pub fn backlinked(self, loc: Location) -> Self {
         let mut backlink = Content::empty().spanned(self.span());
         backlink.set_location(loc);
-        TagElem::packed(backlink) + self
+        self
     }
 
     /// Set alignments for this content.
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/foundations/func.rs b/crates/typst/src/foundations/func.rs
index 21ded1f2..f5b4b3ca 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/foundations/func.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/foundations/func.rs
@@ -298,7 +298,6 @@ impl Func {
                 engine.world,
                 engine.introspector,
                 engine.route.track(),
-                engine.locator.track(),
                 TrackedMut::reborrow_mut(&mut engine.tracer),
                 context,
                 args,
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/introspection/counter.rs b/crates/typst/src/introspection/counter.rs
index 2a7e9ea7..df16026f 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/introspection/counter.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/introspection/counter.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     Element, Func, IntoValue, Label, LocatableSelector, NativeElement, Packed, Repr,
     Selector, Show, Smart, Str, StyleChain, Value,
 };
-use crate::introspection::{Introspector, Locatable, Location, Locator};
+use crate::introspection::{Introspector, Locatable, Location};
 use crate::layout::{Frame, FrameItem, PageElem};
 use crate::math::EquationElem;
 use crate::model::{FigureElem, HeadingElem, Numbering, NumberingPattern};
@@ -282,7 +282,6 @@ impl Counter {
             engine.world,
             engine.introspector,
             engine.route.track(),
-            engine.locator.track(),
             TrackedMut::reborrow_mut(&mut engine.tracer),
         )
     }
@@ -294,15 +293,12 @@ impl Counter {
         world: Tracked<dyn World + '_>,
         introspector: Tracked<Introspector>,
         route: Tracked<Route>,
-        locator: Tracked<Locator>,
         tracer: TrackedMut<Tracer>,
     ) -> SourceResult<EcoVec<(CounterState, NonZeroUsize)>> {
-        let mut locator = Locator::chained(locator);
         let mut engine = Engine {
             world,
             introspector,
             route: Route::extend(route).unnested(),
-            locator: &mut locator,
             tracer,
         };
 
@@ -815,8 +811,8 @@ impl ManualPageCounter {
         for (_, item) in page.items() {
             match item {
                 FrameItem::Group(group) => self.visit(engine, &group.frame)?,
-                FrameItem::Tag(elem) => {
-                    let Some(elem) = elem.to_packed::<CounterUpdateElem>() else {
+                FrameItem::Tag(tag) => {
+                    let Some(elem) = tag.elem.to_packed::<CounterUpdateElem>() else {
                         continue;
                     };
                     if *elem.key() == CounterKey::Page {
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/introspection/introspector.rs b/crates/typst/src/introspection/introspector.rs
index ebd787fe..fe59cb00 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/introspection/introspector.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/introspection/introspector.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use crate::model::Numbering;
 use crate::utils::NonZeroExt;
 
 /// Can be queried for elements and their positions.
-#[derive(Clone)]
+#[derive(Default, Clone)]
 pub struct Introspector {
     /// The number of pages in the document.
     pages: usize,
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ pub struct Introspector {
     /// Maps labels to their indices in the element list. We use a smallvec such
     /// that if the label is unique, we don't need to allocate.
     labels: HashMap<Label, SmallVec<[usize; 1]>>,
+    /// Maps from element keys to the locations of all elements that had this
+    /// key. Used for introspector-assisted location assignment.
+    keys: HashMap<u128, SmallVec<[Location; 1]>>,
     /// The page numberings, indexed by page number minus 1.
     page_numberings: Vec<Option<Numbering>>,
     /// Caches queries done on the introspector. This is important because
@@ -41,6 +44,7 @@ impl Introspector {
         self.pages = pages.len();
         self.elems.clear();
         self.labels.clear();
+        self.keys.clear();
         self.page_numberings.clear();
         self.queries.clear();
 
@@ -61,18 +65,21 @@ impl Introspector {
                         .pre_concat(group.transform);
                     self.extract(&group.frame, page, ts);
                 }
-                FrameItem::Tag(elem)
-                    if !self.elems.contains_key(&elem.location().unwrap()) =>
+                FrameItem::Tag(tag)
+                    if !self.elems.contains_key(&tag.elem.location().unwrap()) =>
                 {
                     let pos = pos.transform(ts);
-                    let ret = self.elems.insert(
-                        elem.location().unwrap(),
-                        (elem.clone(), Position { page, point: pos }),
-                    );
+                    let loc = tag.elem.location().unwrap();
+                    let ret = self
+                        .elems
+                        .insert(loc, (tag.elem.clone(), Position { page, point: pos }));
                     assert!(ret.is_none(), "duplicate locations");
 
+                    // Build the key map.
+                    self.keys.entry(tag.key).or_default().push(loc);
+
                     // Build the label cache.
-                    if let Some(label) = elem.label() {
+                    if let Some(label) = tag.elem.label() {
                         self.labels.entry(label).or_default().push(self.elems.len() - 1);
                     }
                 }
@@ -86,21 +93,24 @@ impl Introspector {
         self.elems.values().map(|(c, _)| c)
     }
 
+    /// Perform a binary search for `elem` among the `list`.
+    fn binary_search(&self, list: &[Content], elem: &Content) -> Result<usize, usize> {
+        list.binary_search_by_key(&self.elem_index(elem), |elem| self.elem_index(elem))
+    }
+
     /// Get an element by its location.
     fn get(&self, location: &Location) -> Option<&Content> {
         self.elems.get(location).map(|(elem, _)| elem)
     }
 
     /// Get the index of this element among all.
-    fn index(&self, elem: &Content) -> usize {
-        self.elems
-            .get_index_of(&elem.location().unwrap())
-            .unwrap_or(usize::MAX)
+    fn elem_index(&self, elem: &Content) -> usize {
+        self.loc_index(&elem.location().unwrap())
     }
 
-    /// Perform a binary search for `elem` among the `list`.
-    fn binary_search(&self, list: &[Content], elem: &Content) -> Result<usize, usize> {
-        list.binary_search_by_key(&self.index(elem), |elem| self.index(elem))
+    /// Get the index of the element with this location among all.
+    fn loc_index(&self, location: &Location) -> usize {
+        self.elems.get_index_of(location).unwrap_or(usize::MAX)
     }
 }
 
@@ -183,7 +193,7 @@ impl Introspector {
             Selector::Or(selectors) => selectors
                 .iter()
                 .flat_map(|sel| self.query(sel))
-                .map(|elem| self.index(&elem))
+                .map(|elem| self.elem_index(&elem))
                 .collect::<BTreeSet<usize>>()
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|index| self.elems[index].0.clone())
@@ -283,17 +293,20 @@ impl Introspector {
             .map(|&(_, pos)| pos)
             .unwrap_or(Position { page: NonZeroUsize::ONE, point: Point::zero() })
     }
-}
 
-impl Default for Introspector {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            pages: 0,
-            elems: IndexMap::new(),
-            labels: HashMap::new(),
-            page_numberings: vec![],
-            queries: QueryCache::default(),
-        }
+    /// Try to find a location for an element with the given `key` hash
+    /// that is closest after the `anchor`.
+    ///
+    /// This is used for introspector-assisted location assignment during
+    /// measurement. See the "Dealing with Measurement" section of the
+    /// [`Locator`](crate::introspection::Locator) docs for more details.
+    pub fn locator(&self, key: u128, anchor: Location) -> Option<Location> {
+        let anchor = self.loc_index(&anchor);
+        self.keys
+            .get(&key)?
+            .iter()
+            .copied()
+            .min_by_key(|loc| self.loc_index(loc).wrapping_sub(anchor))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/introspection/location.rs b/crates/typst/src/introspection/location.rs
index 7b279b39..5cd6aae0 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/introspection/location.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/introspection/location.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
 use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
 
 use ecow::EcoString;
@@ -21,26 +22,27 @@ use crate::model::Numbering;
 /// elements, but you will find only those that have an explicit label attached
 /// to them. This limitation will be resolved in the future.
 #[ty(scope)]
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-pub struct Location {
-    /// The hash of the element.
-    pub hash: u128,
-    /// An unique number among elements with the same hash. This is the reason
-    /// we need a `Locator` everywhere.
-    pub disambiguator: usize,
-}
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct Location(u128);
 
 impl Location {
+    /// Create a new location from a unique hash.
+    pub fn new(hash: u128) -> Self {
+        Self(hash)
+    }
+
+    /// Extract the raw hash.
+    pub fn hash(self) -> u128 {
+        self.0
+    }
+
     /// Produces a well-known variant of this location.
     ///
     /// This is a synthetic location created from another one and is used, for
     /// example, in bibliography management to create individual linkable
     /// locations for reference entries from the bibliography's location.
     pub fn variant(self, n: usize) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            hash: crate::utils::hash128(&(self.hash, n)),
-            ..self
-        }
+        Self(crate::utils::hash128(&(self.0, n)))
     }
 }
 
@@ -91,6 +93,12 @@ impl Location {
     }
 }
 
+impl Debug for Location {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "Location({})", self.0)
+    }
+}
+
 impl Repr for Location {
     fn repr(&self) -> EcoString {
         "..".into()
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/introspection/locator.rs b/crates/typst/src/introspection/locator.rs
index 9c02f6db..4df94a2c 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/introspection/locator.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/introspection/locator.rs
@@ -1,117 +1,350 @@
-use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
+use std::hash::Hash;
+use std::sync::OnceLock;
 
-use comemo::{Track, Tracked, Validate};
+use comemo::{Tracked, Validate};
 
-use crate::introspection::Location;
-use crate::layout::{Frame, FrameItem};
+use crate::introspection::{Introspector, Location};
 
 /// Provides locations for elements in the document.
 ///
-/// A [`Location`] consists of an element's hash plus a disambiguator. Just the
-/// hash is not enough because we can have multiple equal elements with the same
-/// hash (not a hash collision, just equal elements!). Between these, we
-/// disambiguate with an increasing number. In principle, the disambiguator
-/// could just be counted up. However, counting is an impure operation and as
-/// such we can't count across a memoization boundary. [^1]
-///
-/// Instead, we only mutate within a single "layout run" and combine the results
-/// with disambiguators from an outer tracked locator. Thus, the locators form a
-/// "tracked chain". When a layout run ends, its mutations are discarded and, on
-/// the other side of the memoization boundary, we
-/// [reconstruct](Self::visit_frame) them from the resulting [frames](Frame).
-///
-/// [^1]: Well, we could with [`TrackedMut`](comemo::TrackedMut), but the
-/// overhead is quite high, especially since we need to save & undo the counting
-/// when only measuring.
-#[derive(Default, Clone)]
+/// A [`Location`] is a unique ID for an element generated during realization.
+///
+/// # How to use this
+/// The same content may yield different results when laid out in different
+/// parts of the document. To reflect this, every layout operation receives a
+/// locator and every layout operation requires a locator. In code:
+///
+/// - all layouters receive an owned `Locator`
+/// - all layout functions take an owned `Locator`
+///
+/// When a layouter only requires a single sublayout call, it can simply pass on
+/// its locator. When a layouter needs to call multiple sublayouters, we need to
+/// make an explicit decision:
+///
+/// - Split: When we're layouting multiple distinct children (or other pieces of
+///   content), we need to split up the locator with [`Locator::split`]. This
+///   allows us to produce multiple new `Locator`s for the sublayouts. When we
+///   split the locator, each sublocator will be a distinct entity and using it
+///   to e.g. layout the same piece of figure content will yield distinctly
+///   numbered figures.
+///
+/// - Relayout: When we're layouting the same content multiple times (e.g. when
+///   measuring something), we can call [`Locator::relayout`] to use the same
+///   locator multiple times. This indicates to the compiler that it's actually
+///   the same content. Using it to e.g. layout the same piece of figure content
+///   will yield the same figure number both times. Typically, when we layout
+///   something multiple times using `relayout`, only one of the outputs
+///   actually ends up in the document, while the other outputs are only used
+///   for measurement and then discarded.
+///
+/// The `Locator` intentionally does not implement `Copy` and `Clone` so that it
+/// can only be used once. This ensures that whenever we are layouting multiple
+/// things, we make an explicit decision whether we want to split or relayout.
+///
+/// # How it works
+/// There are two primary considerations for the assignment of locations:
+///
+/// 1. Locations should match up over multiple layout iterations, so that
+///    elements can be identified as being the same: That's the whole point of
+///    them.
+///
+/// 2. Locations should be as stable as possible across document edits, so that
+///    incremental compilation is effective.
+///
+/// 3. We want to assign them with as little long-lived state as possible to
+///    enable parallelization of the layout process.
+///
+/// Let's look at a few different assignment strategies to get a feeling for
+/// these requirements:
+///
+/// - A very simple way to generate unique IDs would be to just increase a
+///   counter for each element. In this setup, (1) is somewhat satisfied: In
+///   principle, the counter will line up across iterations, but things start to
+///   break down once we generate content dependant on introspection since the
+///   IDs generated for that new content will shift the IDs for all following
+///   elements in the document. (2) is not satisfied since an edit in the middle
+///   of the document shifts all later IDs. (3) is obviously not satisfied.
+///   Conclusion: Not great.
+///
+/// - To make things more robust, we can incorporate some stable knowledge about
+///   the element into the ID. For this, we can use the element's span since it
+///   is already mostly unique: Elements resulting from different source code
+///   locations are guaranteed to have different spans. However, we can also
+///   have multiple distinct elements generated from the same source location:
+///   e.g. `#for _ in range(5) { figure(..) }`. To handle this case, we can then
+///   disambiguate elements with the same span with an increasing counter. In
+///   this setup, (1) is mostly satisfied: Unless we do stuff like generating
+///   colliding counter updates dependant on introspection, things will line up.
+///   (2) is also reasonably well satisfied, as typical edits will only affect
+///   the single element at the currently edited span. Only if we edit inside of
+///   a function, loop, or similar construct, we will affect multiple elements.
+///   (3) is still a problem though, since we count up.
+///
+/// - What's left is to get rid of the mutable state. Note that layout is a
+///   recursive process and has a tree-shaped execution graph. Thus, we can try
+///   to determine an element's ID based on the path of execution taken in this
+///   graph. Something like "3rd element in layer 1, 7th element in layer 2,
+///   ..". This is basically the first approach, but on a per-layer basis. Thus,
+///   we can again apply our trick from the second approach, and use the span +
+///   disambiguation strategy on a per-layer basis: "1st element with span X in
+///   layer 1, 3rd element with span Y in layer 2". The chance for a collision
+///   is now pretty low and our state is wholly local to each level. So, if we
+///   want to parallelize layout within a layer, we can generate the IDs for
+///   that layer upfront and then start forking out. The final remaining
+///   question is how we can compactly encode this information: For this, as
+///   always, we use hashing! We incorporate the ID information from each layer
+///   into a single hash and thanks to the collision resistence of 128-bit
+///   SipHash, we get almost guaranteed unique locations. We don't even store
+///   the full layer information at all, but rather hash _hierarchically:_ Let
+///   `k_x` be our local per-layer ID for layer `x` and `h_x` be the full
+///   combined hash for layer `x`. We compute `h_n = hash(h_(n-1), k_n)`.
+///
+/// So that's what's going on conceptually in this type. For efficient
+/// memoization, we do all of this in a tracked fashion, such that we only
+/// observe the hash for all the layers above us, if we actually need to
+/// generate a [`Location`]. Thus, if we have a piece of content that does not
+/// contain any locatable elements, we can cache its layout even if it occurs in
+/// different places.
+///
+/// # Dealing with measurement
+/// As explained above, any kind of measurement the compiler performs requires a
+/// locator that matches the one used during real layout. This ensures that the
+/// locations assigned during measurement match up exactly with the locations of
+/// real document elements. Without this guarantee, many introspection-driven
+/// features (like counters, state, and citations) don't work correctly (since
+/// they perform queries dependant on concrete locations).
+///
+/// This is all fine and good, but things get really tricky when the _user_
+/// measures such introspecting content since the user isn't kindly managing
+/// locators for us. Our standard `Locator` workflow assigns locations that
+/// depend a lot on the exact placement in the hierarchy of elements. For this
+/// reason, something that is measured, but then placed into something like a
+/// grid will get a location influenced by the grid. Without a locator, we can't
+/// make the connection between the measured content and the real content, so we
+/// can't ensure that the locations match up.
+///
+/// One possible way to deal with this is to force the user to uniquely identify
+/// content before being measured after all. This would mean that the user needs
+/// to come up with an identifier that is unique within the surrounding context
+/// block and attach it to the content in some way. However, after careful
+/// consideration, I have concluded that this is simply too big of an ask from
+/// users: Understanding why this is even necessary is pretty complicated and
+/// how to best come up with a unique ID is even more so.
+///
+/// For this reason, I chose an alternative best-effort approach: The locator
+/// has a custom "measurement mode" (entered through [`LocatorLink::measure`]),
+/// in which it does its best to assign locations that match up. Specifically,
+/// it uses the key hashes of the individual locatable elements in the measured
+/// content (which may not be unique if content is reused) and combines them
+/// with the context's location to find the most likely matching real element.
+/// This approach works correctly almost all of the time (especially for
+/// "normal" hand-written content where the key hashes rarely collide, as
+/// opposed to code-heavy things where they do).
+///
+/// Support for enhancing this with user-provided uniqueness can still be added
+/// in the future. It will most likely anyway be added simply because it's
+/// automatically included when we add a way to "freeze" content for things like
+/// slidehows. But it will be opt-in because it's just too much complication.
 pub struct Locator<'a> {
-    /// Maps from a hash to the maximum number we've seen for this hash. This
-    /// number becomes the `disambiguator`.
-    hashes: RefCell<HashMap<u128, usize>>,
-    /// An outer `Locator`, from which we can get disambiguator for hashes
-    /// outside of the current "layout run".
-    ///
-    /// We need to override the constraint's lifetime here so that `Tracked` is
-    /// covariant over the constraint. If it becomes invariant, we're in for a
-    /// world of lifetime pain.
-    outer: Option<Tracked<'a, Self, <Locator<'static> as Validate>::Constraint>>,
+    /// A local hash that incorporates all layers since the last memoization
+    /// boundary.
+    local: u128,
+    /// A pointer to an outer cached locator, which contributes the information
+    /// for all the layers beyond the memoization boundary on-demand.
+    outer: Option<&'a LocatorLink<'a>>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Locator<'a> {
-    /// Create a new locator.
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self::default()
+    /// Create a new root-level locator.
+    ///
+    /// Should typically only be created at the document level, though there
+    /// are a few places where we use it as well that just don't support
+    /// introspection (e.g. drawable patterns).
+    pub fn root() -> Self {
+        Self { local: 0, outer: None }
     }
 
-    /// Create a new chained locator.
-    pub fn chained(outer: Tracked<'a, Self>) -> Self {
-        Self { outer: Some(outer), ..Default::default() }
+    /// Creates a new synthetic locator.
+    ///
+    /// This can be used to create a new dependant layout based on an element.
+    /// This is used for layouting footnote entries based on the location
+    /// of the associated footnote.
+    pub fn synthesize(location: Location) -> Self {
+        Self { local: location.hash(), outer: None }
     }
 
-    /// Start tracking this locator.
+    /// Creates a new locator that points to the given link.
+    pub fn link(link: &'a LocatorLink<'a>) -> Self {
+        Self { local: 0, outer: Some(link) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Locator<'a> {
+    /// Returns a type that can be used to generate `Locator`s for multiple
+    /// child elements. See the type-level docs for more details.
+    pub fn split(self) -> SplitLocator<'a> {
+        SplitLocator {
+            local: self.local,
+            outer: self.outer,
+            disambiguators: HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a copy of this locator for measurement or relayout of the same
+    /// content. See the type-level docs for more details.
     ///
-    /// In comparison to [`Track::track`], this method skips this chain link
-    /// if it does not contribute anything.
-    pub fn track(&self) -> Tracked<'_, Self> {
+    /// This is effectively just `Clone`, but the `Locator` doesn't implement
+    /// `Clone` to make this operation explicit.
+    pub fn relayout(&self) -> Self {
+        Self { local: self.local, outer: self.outer }
+    }
+}
+
+#[comemo::track]
+impl<'a> Locator<'a> {
+    /// Resolves the locator based on its local and the outer information.
+    fn resolve(&self) -> Resolved {
         match self.outer {
-            Some(outer) if self.hashes.borrow().is_empty() => outer,
-            _ => Track::track(self),
+            None => Resolved::Hash(self.local),
+            Some(outer) => match outer.resolve() {
+                Resolved::Hash(outer) => {
+                    Resolved::Hash(crate::utils::hash128(&(self.local, outer)))
+                }
+                Resolved::Measure(anchor) => Resolved::Measure(anchor),
+            },
         }
     }
+}
 
-    /// Produce a stable identifier for this call site.
-    pub fn locate(&mut self, hash: u128) -> Location {
-        // Get the current disambiguator for this hash.
-        let disambiguator = self.disambiguator_impl(hash);
+impl Debug for Locator<'_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "Locator({:?})", self.resolve())
+    }
+}
 
-        // Bump the next disambiguator up by one.
-        self.hashes.get_mut().insert(hash, disambiguator + 1);
+/// The fully resolved value of a locator.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Hash)]
+enum Resolved {
+    /// The full hash, incorporating the local and all outer information.
+    Hash(u128),
+    /// Indicates that the locator is in measurement mode, with the given anchor
+    /// location.
+    Measure(Location),
+}
 
-        // Create the location in its default variant.
-        Location { hash, disambiguator }
+/// A type that generates unique sublocators.
+pub struct SplitLocator<'a> {
+    /// A local hash that incorporates all layers since the last memoization
+    /// boundary.
+    local: u128,
+    /// A pointer to an outer cached locator, which contributes the information
+    /// for all the layers beyond the memoization boundary on-demand.
+    outer: Option<&'a LocatorLink<'a>>,
+    /// Simply counts up the number of times we've seen each local hash.
+    disambiguators: HashMap<u128, usize>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> SplitLocator<'a> {
+    /// Produces a sublocator for a subtree keyed by `key`. The keys do *not*
+    /// need to be unique among the `next()` calls on this split locator. (They
+    /// can even all be `&()`.)
+    ///
+    /// However, stable & mostly unique keys lead to more stable locations
+    /// throughout edits, improving incremental compilation performance.
+    ///
+    /// A common choice for a key is the span of the content that will be
+    /// layouted with this locator.
+    pub fn next<K: Hash>(&mut self, key: &K) -> Locator<'a> {
+        self.next_inner(crate::utils::hash128(key))
     }
 
-    /// Advance past a frame.
-    pub fn visit_frame(&mut self, frame: &Frame) {
-        for (_, item) in frame.items() {
-            match item {
-                FrameItem::Group(group) => self.visit_frame(&group.frame),
-                FrameItem::Tag(elem) => {
-                    let hashes = self.hashes.get_mut();
-                    let loc = elem.location().unwrap();
-                    let entry = hashes.entry(loc.hash).or_default();
-
-                    // Next disambiguator needs to be at least one larger than
-                    // the maximum we've seen so far.
-                    *entry = (*entry).max(loc.disambiguator + 1);
-                }
-                _ => {}
+    /// Produces a sublocator for a subtree.
+    pub fn next_inner(&mut self, key: u128) -> Locator<'a> {
+        // Produce a locator disambiguator, for elements with the same key
+        // within this `SplitLocator`.
+        let disambiguator = {
+            let slot = self.disambiguators.entry(key).or_default();
+            std::mem::replace(slot, *slot + 1)
+        };
+
+        // Combine the key, disambiguator and local hash into a sub-local hash.
+        // The outer information is not yet merged into this, it is added
+        // on-demand in `Locator::resolve`.
+        let local = crate::utils::hash128(&(key, disambiguator, self.local));
+
+        Locator { outer: self.outer, local }
+    }
+
+    /// Produces a unique location for an element.
+    pub fn next_location(
+        &mut self,
+        introspector: Tracked<Introspector>,
+        key: u128,
+    ) -> Location {
+        match self.next_inner(key).resolve() {
+            Resolved::Hash(hash) => Location::new(hash),
+            Resolved::Measure(anchor) => {
+                // If we aren't able to find a matching element in the document,
+                // default to the anchor, so that it's at least remotely in
+                // the right area (so that counters can be resolved).
+                introspector.locator(key, anchor).unwrap_or(anchor)
             }
         }
     }
+}
+
+/// A locator can be linked to this type to only access information across the
+/// memoization boundary on-demand, improving the cache hit chance.
+pub struct LocatorLink<'a> {
+    /// The link itself.
+    kind: LinkKind<'a>,
+    /// The cached resolved link.
+    resolved: OnceLock<Resolved>,
+}
+
+/// The different kinds of locator links.
+enum LinkKind<'a> {
+    /// An outer `Locator`, which we can resolved if necessary.
+    ///
+    /// We need to override the constraint's lifetime here so that `Tracked` is
+    /// covariant over the constraint. If it becomes invariant, we're in for a
+    /// world of lifetime pain.
+    Outer(Tracked<'a, Locator<'a>, <Locator<'static> as Validate>::Constraint>),
+    /// A link which indicates that we are in measurement mode.
+    Measure(Location),
+}
 
-    /// Advance past a number of frames.
-    pub fn visit_frames<'b>(&mut self, frames: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'b Frame>) {
-        for frame in frames {
-            self.visit_frame(frame);
+impl<'a> LocatorLink<'a> {
+    /// Create a locator link.
+    pub fn new(outer: Tracked<'a, Locator<'a>>) -> Self {
+        LocatorLink {
+            kind: LinkKind::Outer(outer),
+            resolved: OnceLock::new(),
         }
     }
 
-    /// The current disambiguator for the given hash.
-    fn disambiguator_impl(&self, hash: u128) -> usize {
-        *self
-            .hashes
-            .borrow_mut()
-            .entry(hash)
-            .or_insert_with(|| self.outer.map_or(0, |outer| outer.disambiguator(hash)))
+    /// Creates a link that puts any linked downstream locator into measurement
+    /// mode.
+    ///
+    /// Read the "Dealing with measurement" section of the [`Locator`] docs for
+    /// more details.
+    pub fn measure(anchor: Location) -> Self {
+        LocatorLink {
+            kind: LinkKind::Measure(anchor),
+            resolved: OnceLock::new(),
+        }
     }
-}
 
-#[comemo::track]
-impl<'a> Locator<'a> {
-    /// The current disambiguator for the hash.
-    fn disambiguator(&self, hash: u128) -> usize {
-        self.disambiguator_impl(hash)
+    /// Resolve the link.
+    ///
+    /// The result is cached in this link, so that we don't traverse the link
+    /// chain over and over again.
+    fn resolve(&self) -> Resolved {
+        *self.resolved.get_or_init(|| match self.kind {
+            LinkKind::Outer(outer) => outer.resolve(),
+            LinkKind::Measure(anchor) => Resolved::Measure(anchor),
+        })
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/introspection/mod.rs b/crates/typst/src/introspection/mod.rs
index 1a7c0239..c9dba244 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/introspection/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/introspection/mod.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ pub use self::metadata::*;
 pub use self::query_::*;
 pub use self::state::*;
 
+use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
+
 use crate::diag::{bail, SourceResult};
 use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{
@@ -56,7 +58,7 @@ pub fn define(global: &mut Scope) {
     global.define_func::<locate>();
 }
 
-/// Holds a locatable element that was realized.
+/// Holds a tag for a locatable element that was realized.
 ///
 /// The `TagElem` is handled by all layouters. The held element becomes
 /// available for introspection in the next compiler iteration.
@@ -65,14 +67,13 @@ pub struct TagElem {
     /// The introspectible element.
     #[required]
     #[internal]
-    pub elem: Content,
+    pub tag: Tag,
 }
 
 impl TagElem {
     /// Create a packed tag element.
-    pub fn packed(elem: Content) -> Content {
-        let span = elem.span();
-        let mut content = Self::new(elem).pack().spanned(span);
+    pub fn packed(tag: Tag) -> Content {
+        let mut content = Self::new(tag).pack();
         // We can skip preparation for the `TagElem`.
         content.mark_prepared();
         content
@@ -92,3 +93,29 @@ impl Behave for Packed<TagElem> {
         Behaviour::Invisible
     }
 }
+
+/// Holds a locatable element that was realized.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct Tag {
+    /// The introspectible element.
+    pub elem: Content,
+    /// The element's key hash, which forms the base of its location (but is
+    /// locally disambiguated and combined with outer hashes).
+    ///
+    /// We need to retain this for introspector-assisted location assignment
+    /// during measurement.
+    pub(crate) key: u128,
+}
+
+impl Tag {
+    /// Create a tag from an element and its key hash.
+    pub fn new(elem: Content, key: u128) -> Self {
+        Self { elem, key }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for Tag {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "Tag({:?})", self.elem)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/introspection/state.rs b/crates/typst/src/introspection/state.rs
index 5cbd2fc3..bf97c874 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/introspection/state.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/introspection/state.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     LocatableSelector, NativeElement, Packed, Repr, Selector, Show, Str, StyleChain,
     Value,
 };
-use crate::introspection::{Introspector, Locatable, Location, Locator};
+use crate::introspection::{Introspector, Locatable, Location};
 use crate::syntax::Span;
 use crate::World;
 
@@ -215,7 +215,6 @@ impl State {
             engine.world,
             engine.introspector,
             engine.route.track(),
-            engine.locator.track(),
             TrackedMut::reborrow_mut(&mut engine.tracer),
         )
     }
@@ -227,15 +226,12 @@ impl State {
         world: Tracked<dyn World + '_>,
         introspector: Tracked<Introspector>,
         route: Tracked<Route>,
-        locator: Tracked<Locator>,
         tracer: TrackedMut<Tracer>,
     ) -> SourceResult<EcoVec<Value>> {
-        let mut locator = Locator::chained(locator);
         let mut engine = Engine {
             world,
             introspector,
             route: Route::extend(route).unnested(),
-            locator: &mut locator,
             tracer,
         };
         let mut state = self.init.clone();
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/columns.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/columns.rs
index c249a227..503cb857 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/columns.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/columns.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
 use crate::diag::SourceResult;
 use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{elem, Content, NativeElement, Packed, Show, StyleChain};
+use crate::introspection::Locator;
 use crate::layout::{
     Abs, Axes, BlockElem, Dir, Fragment, Frame, Length, Point, Ratio, Regions, Rel, Size,
 };
@@ -62,7 +63,8 @@ impl Show for Packed<ColumnsElem> {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
         Ok(BlockElem::multi_layouter(self.clone(), layout_columns)
             .with_rootable(true)
-            .pack())
+            .pack()
+            .spanned(self.span()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -71,6 +73,7 @@ impl Show for Packed<ColumnsElem> {
 fn layout_columns(
     elem: &Packed<ColumnsElem>,
     engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: Locator,
     styles: StyleChain,
     regions: Regions,
 ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
@@ -79,7 +82,7 @@ fn layout_columns(
     // Separating the infinite space into infinite columns does not make
     // much sense.
     if !regions.size.x.is_finite() {
-        return body.layout(engine, styles, regions);
+        return body.layout(engine, locator, styles, regions);
     }
 
     // Determine the width of the gutter and each column.
@@ -104,7 +107,7 @@ fn layout_columns(
     };
 
     // Layout the children.
-    let mut frames = body.layout(engine, styles, pod)?.into_iter();
+    let mut frames = body.layout(engine, locator, styles, pod)?.into_iter();
     let mut finished = vec![];
 
     let dir = TextElem::dir_in(styles);
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/container.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/container.rs
index 26db64b6..908a193e 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/container.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/container.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     cast, elem, Args, AutoValue, Construct, Content, NativeElement, Packed, Resolve,
     Smart, StyleChain, Value,
 };
+use crate::introspection::Locator;
 use crate::layout::{
     Abs, Axes, Corners, Em, Fr, Fragment, Frame, FrameKind, Length, Region, Regions, Rel,
     Sides, Size, Spacing, VElem,
@@ -120,6 +121,7 @@ impl Packed<BoxElem> {
     pub fn layout(
         &self,
         engine: &mut Engine,
+        locator: Locator,
         styles: StyleChain,
         region: Size,
     ) -> SourceResult<Frame> {
@@ -140,7 +142,7 @@ impl Packed<BoxElem> {
             // If we have a child, layout it into the body. Boxes are boundaries
             // for gradient relativeness, so we set the `FrameKind` to `Hard`.
             Some(body) => body
-                .layout(engine, styles, pod.into_regions())?
+                .layout(engine, locator, styles, pod.into_regions())?
                 .into_frame()
                 .with_kind(FrameKind::Hard),
         };
@@ -251,6 +253,7 @@ impl InlineElem {
         callback: fn(
             content: &Packed<T>,
             engine: &mut Engine,
+            locator: Locator,
             styles: StyleChain,
             region: Size,
         ) -> SourceResult<Vec<InlineItem>>,
@@ -264,10 +267,11 @@ impl Packed<InlineElem> {
     pub fn layout(
         &self,
         engine: &mut Engine,
+        locator: Locator,
         styles: StyleChain,
         region: Size,
     ) -> SourceResult<Vec<InlineItem>> {
-        self.body().call(engine, styles, region)
+        self.body().call(engine, locator, styles, region)
     }
 }
 
@@ -460,6 +464,7 @@ impl BlockElem {
         f: fn(
             content: &Packed<T>,
             engine: &mut Engine,
+            locator: Locator,
             styles: StyleChain,
             region: Region,
         ) -> SourceResult<Frame>,
@@ -477,6 +482,7 @@ impl BlockElem {
         f: fn(
             content: &Packed<T>,
             engine: &mut Engine,
+            locator: Locator,
             styles: StyleChain,
             regions: Regions,
         ) -> SourceResult<Fragment>,
@@ -493,6 +499,7 @@ impl Packed<BlockElem> {
     pub fn layout(
         &self,
         engine: &mut Engine,
+        locator: Locator,
         styles: StyleChain,
         regions: Regions,
     ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
@@ -530,7 +537,8 @@ impl Packed<BlockElem> {
 
             // If we have content as our body, just layout it.
             Some(BlockChild::Content(body)) => {
-                let mut fragment = body.measure(engine, styles, pod)?;
+                let mut fragment =
+                    body.layout(engine, locator.relayout(), styles, pod)?;
 
                 // If the body is automatically sized and produced more than one
                 // fragment, ensure that the width was consistent across all
@@ -551,11 +559,7 @@ impl Packed<BlockElem> {
                         expand: Axes::new(true, pod.expand.y),
                         ..pod
                     };
-                    fragment = body.layout(engine, styles, pod)?;
-                } else {
-                    // Apply the side effect to turn the `measure` into a
-                    // `layout`.
-                    engine.locator.visit_frames(&fragment);
+                    fragment = body.layout(engine, locator, styles, pod)?;
                 }
 
                 fragment
@@ -565,7 +569,7 @@ impl Packed<BlockElem> {
             // base region, give it that.
             Some(BlockChild::SingleLayouter(callback)) => {
                 let pod = Region::new(pod.base(), pod.expand);
-                callback.call(engine, styles, pod).map(Fragment::frame)?
+                callback.call(engine, locator, styles, pod).map(Fragment::frame)?
             }
 
             // If we have a child that wants to layout with full region access,
@@ -577,7 +581,7 @@ impl Packed<BlockElem> {
             Some(BlockChild::MultiLayouter(callback)) => {
                 let expand = (pod.expand | regions.expand) & pod.size.map(Abs::is_finite);
                 let pod = Regions { expand, ..pod };
-                callback.call(engine, styles, pod)?
+                callback.call(engine, locator, styles, pod)?
             }
         };
 
@@ -927,6 +931,7 @@ mod callbacks {
     callback! {
         InlineCallback = (
             engine: &mut Engine,
+            locator: Locator,
             styles: StyleChain,
             region: Size,
         ) -> SourceResult<Vec<InlineItem>>
@@ -935,6 +940,7 @@ mod callbacks {
     callback! {
         BlockSingleCallback = (
             engine: &mut Engine,
+            locator: Locator,
             styles: StyleChain,
             region: Region,
         ) -> SourceResult<Frame>
@@ -943,6 +949,7 @@ mod callbacks {
     callback! {
         BlockMultiCallback = (
             engine: &mut Engine,
+            locator: Locator,
             styles: StyleChain,
             regions: Regions,
         ) -> SourceResult<Fragment>
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/flow.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/flow.rs
index 8ae68183..cdf6034d 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/flow.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/flow.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{
     elem, Args, Construct, Content, NativeElement, Packed, Resolve, Smart, StyleChain,
 };
-use crate::introspection::TagElem;
+use crate::introspection::{Locator, SplitLocator, Tag, TagElem};
 use crate::layout::{
     Abs, AlignElem, Axes, BlockElem, ColbreakElem, FixedAlignment, FlushElem, Fr,
     Fragment, Frame, FrameItem, PlaceElem, Point, Regions, Rel, Size, Spacing, VElem,
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ impl Packed<FlowElem> {
     pub fn layout(
         &self,
         engine: &mut Engine,
+        locator: Locator,
         styles: StyleChain,
         regions: Regions,
     ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ impl Packed<FlowElem> {
             alone = child.is::<BlockElem>();
         }
 
-        let mut layouter = FlowLayouter::new(regions, styles, alone);
+        let mut layouter = FlowLayouter::new(locator, styles, regions, alone);
         for (child, styles) in self.children().chain(&styles) {
             if let Some(elem) = child.to_packed::<TagElem>() {
                 layouter.layout_tag(elem);
@@ -105,10 +106,12 @@ impl Debug for FlowElem {
 struct FlowLayouter<'a> {
     /// Whether this is the root flow.
     root: bool,
-    /// The regions to layout children into.
-    regions: Regions<'a>,
+    /// Provides unique locations to the flow's children.
+    locator: SplitLocator<'a>,
     /// The shared styles.
     styles: StyleChain<'a>,
+    /// The regions to layout children into.
+    regions: Regions<'a>,
     /// Whether the flow should expand to fill the region.
     expand: Axes<bool>,
     /// The initial size of `regions.size` that was available before we started
@@ -121,7 +124,7 @@ struct FlowLayouter<'a> {
     /// Spacing and layouted blocks for the current region.
     items: Vec<FlowItem>,
     /// A queue of tags that will be attached to the next frame.
-    pending_tags: Vec<Content>,
+    pending_tags: Vec<Tag>,
     /// A queue of floating elements.
     pending_floats: Vec<FlowItem>,
     /// Whether we have any footnotes in the current region.
@@ -192,7 +195,12 @@ impl FlowItem {
 
 impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
     /// Create a new flow layouter.
-    fn new(mut regions: Regions<'a>, styles: StyleChain<'a>, alone: bool) -> Self {
+    fn new(
+        locator: Locator<'a>,
+        styles: StyleChain<'a>,
+        mut regions: Regions<'a>,
+        alone: bool,
+    ) -> Self {
         let expand = regions.expand;
         let root = std::mem::replace(&mut regions.root, false);
 
@@ -204,8 +212,9 @@ impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
 
         Self {
             root,
-            regions,
+            locator: locator.split(),
             styles,
+            regions,
             expand,
             initial: regions.size,
             last_was_par: false,
@@ -223,8 +232,8 @@ impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
     }
 
     /// Place explicit metadata into the flow.
-    fn layout_tag(&mut self, tag: &Packed<TagElem>) {
-        self.pending_tags.push(tag.elem.clone());
+    fn layout_tag(&mut self, elem: &Packed<TagElem>) {
+        self.pending_tags.push(elem.tag.clone());
     }
 
     /// Layout vertical spacing.
@@ -259,6 +268,7 @@ impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
         let lines = par
             .layout(
                 engine,
+                self.locator.next(&par.span()),
                 styles,
                 consecutive,
                 self.regions.base(),
@@ -330,7 +340,12 @@ impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
 
         // Layout the block itself.
         let sticky = block.sticky(styles);
-        let fragment = block.layout(engine, styles, self.regions)?;
+        let fragment = block.layout(
+            engine,
+            self.locator.next(&block.span()),
+            styles,
+            self.regions,
+        )?;
 
         // How to align the block.
         let align = AlignElem::alignment_in(styles).resolve(styles);
@@ -378,7 +393,14 @@ impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
             align.x().unwrap_or_default().resolve(styles)
         });
         let y_align = alignment.map(|align| align.y().map(|y| y.resolve(styles)));
-        let mut frame = placed.layout(engine, styles, self.regions.base())?.into_frame();
+        let mut frame = placed
+            .layout(
+                engine,
+                self.locator.next(&placed.span()),
+                styles,
+                self.regions.base(),
+            )?
+            .into_frame();
         frame.post_process(styles);
         let item = FlowItem::Placed { frame, x_align, y_align, delta, float, clearance };
         self.layout_item(engine, item)
@@ -390,7 +412,7 @@ impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
             frame.prepend_multiple(
                 self.pending_tags
                     .drain(..)
-                    .map(|elem| (Point::zero(), FrameItem::Tag(elem))),
+                    .map(|tag| (Point::zero(), FrameItem::Tag(tag))),
             );
         }
     }
@@ -631,7 +653,7 @@ impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
         if force && !self.pending_tags.is_empty() {
             let pos = Point::with_y(offset);
             output.push_multiple(
-                self.pending_tags.drain(..).map(|elem| (pos, FrameItem::Tag(elem))),
+                self.pending_tags.drain(..).map(|tag| (pos, FrameItem::Tag(tag))),
             );
         }
 
@@ -718,7 +740,6 @@ impl FlowLayouter<'_> {
         let prev_items_len = self.items.len();
         let prev_size = self.regions.size;
         let prev_has_footnotes = self.has_footnotes;
-        let prev_locator = engine.locator.clone();
 
         // Process footnotes one at a time.
         let mut k = 0;
@@ -735,7 +756,12 @@ impl FlowLayouter<'_> {
             self.regions.size.y -= self.footnote_config.gap;
             let frames = FootnoteEntry::new(notes[k].clone())
                 .pack()
-                .layout(engine, self.styles, self.regions.with_root(false))?
+                .layout(
+                    engine,
+                    Locator::synthesize(notes[k].location().unwrap()),
+                    self.styles,
+                    self.regions.with_root(false),
+                )?
                 .into_frames();
 
             // If the entries didn't fit, abort (to keep footnote and entry
@@ -749,7 +775,6 @@ impl FlowLayouter<'_> {
                 self.items.truncate(prev_items_len);
                 self.regions.size = prev_size;
                 self.has_footnotes = prev_has_footnotes;
-                *engine.locator = prev_locator;
                 return Ok(false);
             }
 
@@ -784,7 +809,10 @@ impl FlowLayouter<'_> {
         let pod = Regions::one(self.regions.base(), expand);
         let separator = &self.footnote_config.separator;
 
-        let mut frame = separator.layout(engine, self.styles, pod)?.into_frame();
+        // FIXME: Shouldn't use `root()` here.
+        let mut frame = separator
+            .layout(engine, Locator::root(), self.styles, pod)?
+            .into_frame();
         frame.size_mut().y += self.footnote_config.clearance;
         frame.translate(Point::with_y(self.footnote_config.clearance));
 
@@ -801,10 +829,10 @@ fn find_footnotes(notes: &mut Vec<Packed<FootnoteElem>>, frame: &Frame) {
     for (_, item) in frame.items() {
         match item {
             FrameItem::Group(group) => find_footnotes(notes, &group.frame),
-            FrameItem::Tag(elem)
-                if !notes.iter().any(|note| note.location() == elem.location()) =>
+            FrameItem::Tag(tag)
+                if !notes.iter().any(|note| note.location() == tag.elem.location()) =>
             {
-                let Some(footnote) = elem.to_packed::<FootnoteElem>() else {
+                let Some(footnote) = tag.elem.to_packed::<FootnoteElem>() else {
                     continue;
                 };
                 notes.push(footnote.clone());
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/frame.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/frame.rs
index 42fc1d72..09a4362d 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/frame.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/frame.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use smallvec::SmallVec;
 
-use crate::foundations::{cast, dict, Content, Dict, StyleChain, Value};
+use crate::foundations::{cast, dict, Dict, StyleChain, Value};
+use crate::introspection::Tag;
 use crate::layout::{
     Abs, Axes, Corners, FixedAlignment, HideElem, Length, Point, Rel, Sides, Size,
     Transform,
@@ -521,8 +522,9 @@ pub enum FrameItem {
     Image(Image, Size, Span),
     /// An internal or external link to a destination.
     Link(Destination, Size),
-    /// An introspectable element that produced something within this frame.
-    Tag(Content),
+    /// An introspectable element that produced something within this frame
+    /// alongside its key.
+    Tag(Tag),
 }
 
 impl Debug for FrameItem {
@@ -533,7 +535,7 @@ impl Debug for FrameItem {
             Self::Shape(shape, _) => write!(f, "{shape:?}"),
             Self::Image(image, _, _) => write!(f, "{image:?}"),
             Self::Link(dest, _) => write!(f, "Link({dest:?})"),
-            Self::Tag(elem) => write!(f, "Tag({elem:?})"),
+            Self::Tag(tag) => write!(f, "{tag:?}"),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/cells.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/cells.rs
index efa7bb6e..201bf108 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/cells.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/cells.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     Array, CastInfo, Content, Context, Fold, FromValue, Func, IntoValue, Reflect,
     Resolve, Smart, StyleChain, Value,
 };
-use crate::layout::{Abs, Alignment, Axes, Length, LinePosition, Rel, Sides, Sizing};
+use crate::introspection::Locator;
+use crate::layout::{
+    Abs, Alignment, Axes, Fragment, Length, LinePosition, Regions, Rel, Sides, Sizing,
+};
 use crate::syntax::Span;
 use crate::utils::NonZeroExt;
 use crate::visualize::{Paint, Stroke};
@@ -155,10 +158,11 @@ where
 }
 
 /// Represents a cell in CellGrid, to be laid out by GridLayouter.
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct Cell {
+pub struct Cell<'a> {
     /// The cell's body.
     pub body: Content,
+    /// The cell's locator.
+    pub locator: Locator<'a>,
     /// The cell's fill.
     pub fill: Option<Paint>,
     /// The amount of columns spanned by the cell.
@@ -184,11 +188,12 @@ pub struct Cell {
     pub breakable: bool,
 }
 
-impl From<Content> for Cell {
-    /// Create a simple cell given its body.
-    fn from(body: Content) -> Self {
+impl<'a> Cell<'a> {
+    /// Create a simple cell given its body and its locator.
+    pub fn new(body: Content, locator: Locator<'a>) -> Self {
         Self {
             body,
+            locator,
             fill: None,
             colspan: NonZeroUsize::ONE,
             rowspan: NonZeroUsize::ONE,
@@ -197,13 +202,32 @@ impl From<Content> for Cell {
             breakable: true,
         }
     }
+
+    /// Layout the cell into the given regions.
+    ///
+    /// The `disambiguator` indicates which instance of this cell this should be
+    /// layouted as. For normal cells, it is always `0`, but for headers and
+    /// footers, it indicates the index of the header/footer among all. See the
+    /// [`Locator`] docs for more details on the concepts behind this.
+    pub fn layout(
+        &self,
+        engine: &mut Engine,
+        disambiguator: usize,
+        styles: StyleChain,
+        regions: Regions,
+    ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
+        let mut locator = self.locator.relayout();
+        if disambiguator > 0 {
+            locator = locator.split().next_inner(disambiguator as u128);
+        }
+        self.body.layout(engine, locator, styles, regions)
+    }
 }
 
 /// A grid entry.
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub(super) enum Entry {
+pub(super) enum Entry<'a> {
     /// An entry which holds a cell.
-    Cell(Cell),
+    Cell(Cell<'a>),
     /// An entry which is merged with another cell.
     Merged {
         /// The index of the cell this entry is merged with.
@@ -211,9 +235,9 @@ pub(super) enum Entry {
     },
 }
 
-impl Entry {
+impl<'a> Entry<'a> {
     /// Obtains the cell inside this entry, if this is not a merged cell.
-    fn as_cell(&self) -> Option<&Cell> {
+    fn as_cell(&self) -> Option<&Cell<'a>> {
         match self {
             Self::Cell(cell) => Some(cell),
             Self::Merged { .. } => None,
@@ -269,7 +293,7 @@ pub trait ResolvableCell {
     /// the `breakable` field.
     /// Returns a final Cell.
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-    fn resolve_cell(
+    fn resolve_cell<'a>(
         self,
         x: usize,
         y: usize,
@@ -278,8 +302,9 @@ pub trait ResolvableCell {
         inset: Sides<Option<Rel<Length>>>,
         stroke: Sides<Option<Option<Arc<Stroke<Abs>>>>>,
         breakable: bool,
+        locator: Locator<'a>,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> Cell;
+    ) -> Cell<'a>;
 
     /// Returns this cell's column override.
     fn x(&self, styles: StyleChain) -> Smart<usize>;
@@ -298,9 +323,9 @@ pub trait ResolvableCell {
 }
 
 /// A grid of cells, including the columns, rows, and cell data.
-pub struct CellGrid {
+pub struct CellGrid<'a> {
     /// The grid cells.
-    pub(super) entries: Vec<Entry>,
+    pub(super) entries: Vec<Entry<'a>>,
     /// The column tracks including gutter tracks.
     pub(super) cols: Vec<Sizing>,
     /// The row tracks including gutter tracks.
@@ -321,12 +346,12 @@ pub struct CellGrid {
     pub(super) has_gutter: bool,
 }
 
-impl CellGrid {
+impl<'a> CellGrid<'a> {
     /// Generates the cell grid, given the tracks and cells.
     pub fn new(
         tracks: Axes<&[Sizing]>,
         gutter: Axes<&[Sizing]>,
-        cells: impl IntoIterator<Item = Cell>,
+        cells: impl IntoIterator<Item = Cell<'a>>,
     ) -> Self {
         let entries = cells.into_iter().map(Entry::Cell).collect();
         Self::new_internal(tracks, gutter, vec![], vec![], None, None, entries)
@@ -342,6 +367,7 @@ impl CellGrid {
     pub fn resolve<T, C, I>(
         tracks: Axes<&[Sizing]>,
         gutter: Axes<&[Sizing]>,
+        locator: Locator<'a>,
         children: C,
         fill: &Celled<Option<Paint>>,
         align: &Celled<Smart<Alignment>>,
@@ -357,6 +383,8 @@ impl CellGrid {
         C: IntoIterator<Item = ResolvableGridChild<T, I>>,
         C::IntoIter: ExactSizeIterator,
     {
+        let mut locator = locator.split();
+
         // Number of content columns: Always at least one.
         let c = tracks.x.len().max(1);
 
@@ -660,6 +688,7 @@ impl CellGrid {
                     inset.resolve(engine, styles, x, y)?,
                     stroke.resolve(engine, styles, x, y)?,
                     resolve_breakable(y, rowspan),
+                    locator.next(&cell_span),
                     styles,
                 );
 
@@ -687,7 +716,7 @@ impl CellGrid {
                     // (they can be overridden later); however, if no cells
                     // occupy them as we finish building the grid, then such
                     // positions will be replaced by empty cells.
-                    resolved_cells.resize(new_len, None);
+                    resolved_cells.resize_with(new_len, || None);
                 }
 
                 // The vector is large enough to contain the cell, so we can
@@ -921,6 +950,7 @@ impl CellGrid {
                         inset.resolve(engine, styles, x, y)?,
                         stroke.resolve(engine, styles, x, y)?,
                         resolve_breakable(y, 1),
+                        locator.next(&()),
                         styles,
                     );
                     Ok(Entry::Cell(new_cell))
@@ -1101,7 +1131,7 @@ impl CellGrid {
         hlines: Vec<Vec<Line>>,
         header: Option<Repeatable<Header>>,
         footer: Option<Repeatable<Footer>>,
-        entries: Vec<Entry>,
+        entries: Vec<Entry<'a>>,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut cols = vec![];
         let mut rows = vec![];
@@ -1163,7 +1193,7 @@ impl CellGrid {
     ///
     /// Returns `None` if it's a gutter cell.
     #[track_caller]
-    pub(super) fn entry(&self, x: usize, y: usize) -> Option<&Entry> {
+    pub(super) fn entry(&self, x: usize, y: usize) -> Option<&Entry<'a>> {
         assert!(x < self.cols.len());
         assert!(y < self.rows.len());
 
@@ -1185,7 +1215,7 @@ impl CellGrid {
     ///
     /// Returns `None` if it's a gutter cell or merged position.
     #[track_caller]
-    pub(super) fn cell(&self, x: usize, y: usize) -> Option<&Cell> {
+    pub(super) fn cell(&self, x: usize, y: usize) -> Option<&Cell<'a>> {
         self.entry(x, y).and_then(Entry::as_cell)
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/layout.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/layout.rs
index ec9d1e15..9c5d7c21 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/layout.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/layout.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use crate::visualize::Geometry;
 /// Performs grid layout.
 pub struct GridLayouter<'a> {
     /// The grid of cells.
-    pub(super) grid: &'a CellGrid,
+    pub(super) grid: &'a CellGrid<'a>,
     /// The regions to layout children into.
     pub(super) regions: Regions<'a>,
     /// The inherited styles.
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ pub(super) enum Row {
     /// where this row is laid out, and it can only be false when a row uses
     /// `layout_multi_row`, which in turn is only used by breakable auto rows.
     Frame(Frame, usize, bool),
-    /// Fractional row with y index.
-    Fr(Fr, usize),
+    /// Fractional row with y index and disambiguator.
+    Fr(Fr, usize, usize),
 }
 
 impl Row {
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ impl Row {
     fn index(&self) -> usize {
         match self {
             Self::Frame(_, y, _) => *y,
-            Self::Fr(_, y) => *y,
+            Self::Fr(_, y, _) => *y,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
     ///
     /// This prepares grid layout by unifying content and gutter tracks.
     pub fn new(
-        grid: &'a CellGrid,
+        grid: &'a CellGrid<'a>,
         regions: Regions<'a>,
         styles: StyleChain<'a>,
         span: Span,
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
         if let Some(Repeatable::Repeated(footer)) = &self.grid.footer {
             // Ensure rows in the first region will be aware of the possible
             // presence of the footer.
-            self.prepare_footer(footer, engine)?;
+            self.prepare_footer(footer, engine, 0)?;
             if matches!(self.grid.header, None | Some(Repeatable::NotRepeated(_))) {
                 // No repeatable header, so we won't subtract it later.
                 self.regions.size.y -= self.footer_height;
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
             if let Some(Repeatable::Repeated(header)) = &self.grid.header {
                 if y < header.end {
                     if y == 0 {
-                        self.layout_header(header, engine)?;
+                        self.layout_header(header, engine, 0)?;
                         self.regions.size.y -= self.footer_height;
                     }
                     // Skip header rows during normal layout.
@@ -155,16 +155,16 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
             if let Some(Repeatable::Repeated(footer)) = &self.grid.footer {
                 if y >= footer.start {
                     if y == footer.start {
-                        self.layout_footer(footer, engine)?;
+                        self.layout_footer(footer, engine, self.finished.len())?;
                     }
                     continue;
                 }
             }
 
-            self.layout_row(y, engine)?;
+            self.layout_row(y, engine, 0)?;
         }
 
-        self.finish_region(engine)?;
+        self.finish_region(engine, true)?;
 
         // Layout any missing rowspans.
         // There are only two possibilities for rowspans not yet laid out
@@ -189,27 +189,30 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
         &mut self,
         y: usize,
         engine: &mut Engine,
+        disambiguator: usize,
     ) -> SourceResult<()> {
         // Skip to next region if current one is full, but only for content
         // rows, not for gutter rows, and only if we aren't laying out an
         // unbreakable group of rows.
         let is_content_row = !self.grid.is_gutter_track(y);
         if self.unbreakable_rows_left == 0 && self.regions.is_full() && is_content_row {
-            self.finish_region(engine)?;
+            self.finish_region(engine, false)?;
         }
 
         if is_content_row {
             // Gutter rows have no rowspans or possibly unbreakable cells.
-            self.check_for_rowspans(y);
+            self.check_for_rowspans(disambiguator, y);
             self.check_for_unbreakable_rows(y, engine)?;
         }
 
         // Don't layout gutter rows at the top of a region.
         if is_content_row || !self.lrows.is_empty() {
             match self.grid.rows[y] {
-                Sizing::Auto => self.layout_auto_row(engine, y)?,
-                Sizing::Rel(v) => self.layout_relative_row(engine, v, y)?,
-                Sizing::Fr(v) => self.lrows.push(Row::Fr(v, y)),
+                Sizing::Auto => self.layout_auto_row(engine, disambiguator, y)?,
+                Sizing::Rel(v) => {
+                    self.layout_relative_row(engine, disambiguator, v, y)?
+                }
+                Sizing::Fr(v) => self.lrows.push(Row::Fr(v, y, disambiguator)),
             }
         }
 
@@ -841,7 +844,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
 
                 let size = Size::new(available, height);
                 let pod = Regions::one(size, Axes::splat(false));
-                let frame = cell.body.measure(engine, self.styles, pod)?.into_frame();
+                let frame = cell.layout(engine, 0, self.styles, pod)?.into_frame();
                 resolved.set_max(frame.width() - already_covered_width);
             }
 
@@ -901,11 +904,17 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
 
     /// Layout a row with automatic height. Such a row may break across multiple
     /// regions.
-    fn layout_auto_row(&mut self, engine: &mut Engine, y: usize) -> SourceResult<()> {
+    fn layout_auto_row(
+        &mut self,
+        engine: &mut Engine,
+        disambiguator: usize,
+        y: usize,
+    ) -> SourceResult<()> {
         // Determine the size for each region of the row. If the first region
         // ends up empty for some column, skip the region and remeasure.
         let mut resolved = match self.measure_auto_row(
             engine,
+            disambiguator,
             y,
             true,
             self.unbreakable_rows_left,
@@ -913,9 +922,16 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
         )? {
             Some(resolved) => resolved,
             None => {
-                self.finish_region(engine)?;
-                self.measure_auto_row(engine, y, false, self.unbreakable_rows_left, None)?
-                    .unwrap()
+                self.finish_region(engine, false)?;
+                self.measure_auto_row(
+                    engine,
+                    disambiguator,
+                    y,
+                    false,
+                    self.unbreakable_rows_left,
+                    None,
+                )?
+                .unwrap()
             }
         };
 
@@ -926,7 +942,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
 
         // Layout into a single region.
         if let &[first] = resolved.as_slice() {
-            let frame = self.layout_single_row(engine, first, y)?;
+            let frame = self.layout_single_row(engine, disambiguator, first, y)?;
             self.push_row(frame, y, true);
 
             if self
@@ -966,12 +982,12 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
         }
 
         // Layout into multiple regions.
-        let fragment = self.layout_multi_row(engine, &resolved, y)?;
+        let fragment = self.layout_multi_row(engine, disambiguator, &resolved, y)?;
         let len = fragment.len();
         for (i, frame) in fragment.into_iter().enumerate() {
             self.push_row(frame, y, i + 1 == len);
             if i + 1 < len {
-                self.finish_region(engine)?;
+                self.finish_region(engine, false)?;
             }
         }
 
@@ -989,6 +1005,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
     pub(super) fn measure_auto_row(
         &self,
         engine: &mut Engine,
+        disambiguator: usize,
         y: usize,
         can_skip: bool,
         unbreakable_rows_left: usize,
@@ -1069,7 +1086,8 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
                 pod
             };
 
-            let frames = cell.body.measure(engine, self.styles, pod)?.into_frames();
+            let frames =
+                cell.layout(engine, disambiguator, self.styles, pod)?.into_frames();
 
             // Skip the first region if one cell in it is empty. Then,
             // remeasure.
@@ -1145,6 +1163,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
                 &pending_rowspans,
                 unbreakable_rows_left,
                 row_group_data,
+                disambiguator,
                 engine,
             )?;
         }
@@ -1159,11 +1178,12 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
     fn layout_relative_row(
         &mut self,
         engine: &mut Engine,
+        disambiguator: usize,
         v: Rel<Length>,
         y: usize,
     ) -> SourceResult<()> {
         let resolved = v.resolve(self.styles).relative_to(self.regions.base().y);
-        let frame = self.layout_single_row(engine, resolved, y)?;
+        let frame = self.layout_single_row(engine, disambiguator, resolved, y)?;
 
         if self
             .grid
@@ -1185,7 +1205,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
             && !self.regions.size.y.fits(height)
             && !in_last_with_offset(self.regions, self.header_height + self.footer_height)
         {
-            self.finish_region(engine)?;
+            self.finish_region(engine, false)?;
 
             // Don't skip multiple regions for gutter and don't push a row.
             if self.grid.is_gutter_track(y) {
@@ -1202,6 +1222,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
     fn layout_single_row(
         &mut self,
         engine: &mut Engine,
+        disambiguator: usize,
         height: Abs,
         y: usize,
     ) -> SourceResult<Frame> {
@@ -1232,7 +1253,9 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
                         // rows.
                         pod.full = self.regions.full;
                     }
-                    let frame = cell.body.layout(engine, self.styles, pod)?.into_frame();
+                    let frame = cell
+                        .layout(engine, disambiguator, self.styles, pod)?
+                        .into_frame();
                     let mut pos = pos;
                     if self.is_rtl {
                         // In the grid, cell colspans expand to the right,
@@ -1261,6 +1284,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
     fn layout_multi_row(
         &mut self,
         engine: &mut Engine,
+        disambiguator: usize,
         heights: &[Abs],
         y: usize,
     ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
@@ -1286,7 +1310,8 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
                     pod.size.x = width;
 
                     // Push the layouted frames into the individual output frames.
-                    let fragment = cell.body.layout(engine, self.styles, pod)?;
+                    let fragment =
+                        cell.layout(engine, disambiguator, self.styles, pod)?;
                     for (output, frame) in outputs.iter_mut().zip(fragment) {
                         let mut pos = pos;
                         if self.is_rtl {
@@ -1314,7 +1339,11 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
     }
 
     /// Finish rows for one region.
-    pub(super) fn finish_region(&mut self, engine: &mut Engine) -> SourceResult<()> {
+    pub(super) fn finish_region(
+        &mut self,
+        engine: &mut Engine,
+        last: bool,
+    ) -> SourceResult<()> {
         if self
             .lrows
             .last()
@@ -1369,7 +1398,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
                 && self.lrows.iter().all(|row| row.index() < footer.start)
             {
                 laid_out_footer_start = Some(footer.start);
-                self.layout_footer(footer, engine)?;
+                self.layout_footer(footer, engine, self.finished.len())?;
             }
         }
 
@@ -1379,7 +1408,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
         for row in &self.lrows {
             match row {
                 Row::Frame(frame, _, _) => used += frame.height(),
-                Row::Fr(v, _) => fr += *v,
+                Row::Fr(v, _, _) => fr += *v,
             }
         }
 
@@ -1400,10 +1429,10 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
         for row in std::mem::take(&mut self.lrows) {
             let (frame, y, is_last) = match row {
                 Row::Frame(frame, y, is_last) => (frame, y, is_last),
-                Row::Fr(v, y) => {
+                Row::Fr(v, y, disambiguator) => {
                     let remaining = self.regions.full - used;
                     let height = v.share(fr, remaining);
-                    (self.layout_single_row(engine, height, y)?, y, true)
+                    (self.layout_single_row(engine, disambiguator, height, y)?, y, true)
                 }
             };
 
@@ -1499,17 +1528,20 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
 
         self.finish_region_internal(output, rrows);
 
-        if let Some(Repeatable::Repeated(footer)) = &self.grid.footer {
-            self.prepare_footer(footer, engine)?;
-        }
+        if !last {
+            let disambiguator = self.finished.len();
+            if let Some(Repeatable::Repeated(footer)) = &self.grid.footer {
+                self.prepare_footer(footer, engine, disambiguator)?;
+            }
 
-        if let Some(Repeatable::Repeated(header)) = &self.grid.header {
-            // Add a header to the new region.
-            self.layout_header(header, engine)?;
-        }
+            if let Some(Repeatable::Repeated(header)) = &self.grid.header {
+                // Add a header to the new region.
+                self.layout_header(header, engine, disambiguator)?;
+            }
 
-        // Ensure rows don't try to overrun the footer.
-        self.regions.size.y -= self.footer_height;
+            // Ensure rows don't try to overrun the footer.
+            self.regions.size.y -= self.footer_height;
+        }
 
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/lines.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/lines.rs
index 469f5305..660811c7 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/lines.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/lines.rs
@@ -602,12 +602,14 @@ mod test {
     use super::super::cells::Entry;
     use super::*;
     use crate::foundations::Content;
+    use crate::introspection::Locator;
     use crate::layout::{Axes, Cell, Sides, Sizing};
     use crate::utils::NonZeroExt;
 
-    fn sample_cell() -> Cell {
+    fn sample_cell() -> Cell<'static> {
         Cell {
             body: Content::default(),
+            locator: Locator::root(),
             fill: None,
             colspan: NonZeroUsize::ONE,
             rowspan: NonZeroUsize::ONE,
@@ -617,9 +619,10 @@ mod test {
         }
     }
 
-    fn cell_with_colspan_rowspan(colspan: usize, rowspan: usize) -> Cell {
+    fn cell_with_colspan_rowspan(colspan: usize, rowspan: usize) -> Cell<'static> {
         Cell {
             body: Content::default(),
+            locator: Locator::root(),
             fill: None,
             colspan: NonZeroUsize::try_from(colspan).unwrap(),
             rowspan: NonZeroUsize::try_from(rowspan).unwrap(),
@@ -629,7 +632,7 @@ mod test {
         }
     }
 
-    fn sample_grid_for_vlines(gutters: bool) -> CellGrid {
+    fn sample_grid_for_vlines(gutters: bool) -> CellGrid<'static> {
         const COLS: usize = 4;
         const ROWS: usize = 6;
         let entries = vec![
@@ -1152,7 +1155,7 @@ mod test {
         }
     }
 
-    fn sample_grid_for_hlines(gutters: bool) -> CellGrid {
+    fn sample_grid_for_hlines(gutters: bool) -> CellGrid<'static> {
         const COLS: usize = 4;
         const ROWS: usize = 9;
         let entries = vec![
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/mod.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/mod.rs
index 57e28730..326e356a 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/mod.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     cast, elem, scope, Array, Content, Fold, NativeElement, Packed, Show, Smart,
     StyleChain, Value,
 };
+use crate::introspection::Locator;
 use crate::layout::{
     Abs, Alignment, Axes, BlockElem, Dir, Fragment, Length, OuterHAlignment,
     OuterVAlignment, Regions, Rel, Sides, Sizing,
@@ -338,7 +339,9 @@ impl GridElem {
 
 impl Show for Packed<GridElem> {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(BlockElem::multi_layouter(self.clone(), layout_grid).pack())
+        Ok(BlockElem::multi_layouter(self.clone(), layout_grid)
+            .pack()
+            .spanned(self.span()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -347,6 +350,7 @@ impl Show for Packed<GridElem> {
 fn layout_grid(
     elem: &Packed<GridElem>,
     engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: Locator,
     styles: StyleChain,
     regions: Regions,
 ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
@@ -380,6 +384,7 @@ fn layout_grid(
     let grid = CellGrid::resolve(
         tracks,
         gutter,
+        locator,
         children,
         fill,
         align,
@@ -854,7 +859,7 @@ impl Default for Packed<GridCell> {
 }
 
 impl ResolvableCell for Packed<GridCell> {
-    fn resolve_cell(
+    fn resolve_cell<'a>(
         mut self,
         x: usize,
         y: usize,
@@ -863,8 +868,9 @@ impl ResolvableCell for Packed<GridCell> {
         inset: Sides<Option<Rel<Length>>>,
         stroke: Sides<Option<Option<Arc<Stroke<Abs>>>>>,
         breakable: bool,
+        locator: Locator<'a>,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> Cell {
+    ) -> Cell<'a> {
         let cell = &mut *self;
         let colspan = cell.colspan(styles);
         let rowspan = cell.rowspan(styles);
@@ -916,6 +922,7 @@ impl ResolvableCell for Packed<GridCell> {
         cell.push_breakable(Smart::Custom(breakable));
         Cell {
             body: self.pack(),
+            locator,
             fill,
             colspan,
             rowspan,
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/repeated.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/repeated.rs
index f0e9a4c7..acb00f04 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/repeated.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/repeated.rs
@@ -50,8 +50,10 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
         &mut self,
         header: &Header,
         engine: &mut Engine,
+        disambiguator: usize,
     ) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        let header_rows = self.simulate_header(header, &self.regions, engine)?;
+        let header_rows =
+            self.simulate_header(header, &self.regions, engine, disambiguator)?;
         let mut skipped_region = false;
         while self.unbreakable_rows_left == 0
             && !self.regions.size.y.fits(header_rows.height + self.footer_height)
@@ -71,8 +73,9 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
             if skipped_region {
                 // Simulate the footer again; the region's 'full' might have
                 // changed.
-                self.footer_height =
-                    self.simulate_footer(footer, &self.regions, engine)?.height;
+                self.footer_height = self
+                    .simulate_footer(footer, &self.regions, engine, disambiguator)?
+                    .height;
             }
         }
 
@@ -81,7 +84,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
         // within 'layout_row'.
         self.unbreakable_rows_left += header.end;
         for y in 0..header.end {
-            self.layout_row(y, engine)?;
+            self.layout_row(y, engine, disambiguator)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -92,16 +95,20 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
         header: &Header,
         regions: &Regions<'_>,
         engine: &mut Engine,
+        disambiguator: usize,
     ) -> SourceResult<UnbreakableRowGroup> {
         // Note that we assume the invariant that any rowspan in a header is
         // fully contained within that header. Therefore, there won't be any
         // unbreakable rowspans exceeding the header's rows, and we can safely
         // assume that the amount of unbreakable rows following the first row
         // in the header will be precisely the rows in the header.
-        let header_row_group =
-            self.simulate_unbreakable_row_group(0, Some(header.end), regions, engine)?;
-
-        Ok(header_row_group)
+        self.simulate_unbreakable_row_group(
+            0,
+            Some(header.end),
+            regions,
+            engine,
+            disambiguator,
+        )
     }
 
     /// Updates `self.footer_height` by simulating the footer, and skips to fitting region.
@@ -109,8 +116,11 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
         &mut self,
         footer: &Footer,
         engine: &mut Engine,
+        disambiguator: usize,
     ) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        let footer_height = self.simulate_footer(footer, &self.regions, engine)?.height;
+        let footer_height = self
+            .simulate_footer(footer, &self.regions, engine, disambiguator)?
+            .height;
         let mut skipped_region = false;
         while self.unbreakable_rows_left == 0
             && !self.regions.size.y.fits(footer_height)
@@ -125,7 +135,8 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
         self.footer_height = if skipped_region {
             // Simulate the footer again; the region's 'full' might have
             // changed.
-            self.simulate_footer(footer, &self.regions, engine)?.height
+            self.simulate_footer(footer, &self.regions, engine, disambiguator)?
+                .height
         } else {
             footer_height
         };
@@ -139,6 +150,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
         &mut self,
         footer: &Footer,
         engine: &mut Engine,
+        disambiguator: usize,
     ) -> SourceResult<()> {
         // Ensure footer rows have their own height available.
         // Won't change much as we're creating an unbreakable row group
@@ -148,7 +160,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
         let footer_len = self.grid.rows.len() - footer.start;
         self.unbreakable_rows_left += footer_len;
         for y in footer.start..self.grid.rows.len() {
-            self.layout_row(y, engine)?;
+            self.layout_row(y, engine, disambiguator)?;
         }
 
         Ok(())
@@ -160,19 +172,19 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
         footer: &Footer,
         regions: &Regions<'_>,
         engine: &mut Engine,
+        disambiguator: usize,
     ) -> SourceResult<UnbreakableRowGroup> {
         // Note that we assume the invariant that any rowspan in a footer is
         // fully contained within that footer. Therefore, there won't be any
         // unbreakable rowspans exceeding the footer's rows, and we can safely
         // assume that the amount of unbreakable rows following the first row
         // in the footer will be precisely the rows in the footer.
-        let footer_row_group = self.simulate_unbreakable_row_group(
+        self.simulate_unbreakable_row_group(
             footer.start,
             Some(self.grid.rows.len() - footer.start),
             regions,
             engine,
-        )?;
-
-        Ok(footer_row_group)
+            disambiguator,
+        )
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/rowspans.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/rowspans.rs
index 282616ad..85ec49c9 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/rowspans.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/grid/rowspans.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ pub(super) struct Rowspan {
     pub(super) x: usize,
     /// First row of this rowspan.
     pub(super) y: usize,
+    /// The disambiguator for laying out the cells.
+    pub(super) disambiguator: usize,
     /// Amount of rows spanned by the cell at (x, y).
     pub(super) rowspan: usize,
     /// Whether all rows of the rowspan are part of an unbreakable row group.
@@ -100,6 +102,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
         let Rowspan {
             x,
             y,
+            disambiguator,
             rowspan,
             is_effectively_unbreakable,
             dx,
@@ -136,7 +139,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
         }
 
         // Push the layouted frames directly into the finished frames.
-        let fragment = cell.body.layout(engine, self.styles, pod)?;
+        let fragment = cell.layout(engine, disambiguator, self.styles, pod)?;
         let (current_region, current_rrows) = current_region_data.unzip();
         for ((i, finished), frame) in self
             .finished
@@ -179,7 +182,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
 
     /// Checks if a row contains the beginning of one or more rowspan cells.
     /// If so, adds them to the rowspans vector.
-    pub(super) fn check_for_rowspans(&mut self, y: usize) {
+    pub(super) fn check_for_rowspans(&mut self, disambiguator: usize, y: usize) {
         // We will compute the horizontal offset of each rowspan in advance.
         // For that reason, we must reverse the column order when using RTL.
         let offsets = points(self.rcols.iter().copied().rev_if(self.is_rtl));
@@ -193,6 +196,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
                 self.rowspans.push(Rowspan {
                     x,
                     y,
+                    disambiguator,
                     rowspan,
                     // The field below will be updated in
                     // 'check_for_unbreakable_rows'.
@@ -241,6 +245,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
                 amount_unbreakable_rows,
                 &self.regions,
                 engine,
+                0,
             )?;
 
             // Skip to fitting region.
@@ -250,7 +255,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
                     self.header_height + self.footer_height,
                 )
             {
-                self.finish_region(engine)?;
+                self.finish_region(engine, false)?;
             }
 
             // Update unbreakable rows left.
@@ -291,6 +296,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
         amount_unbreakable_rows: Option<usize>,
         regions: &Regions<'_>,
         engine: &mut Engine,
+        disambiguator: usize,
     ) -> SourceResult<UnbreakableRowGroup> {
         let mut row_group = UnbreakableRowGroup::default();
         let mut unbreakable_rows_left = amount_unbreakable_rows.unwrap_or(0);
@@ -319,6 +325,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
                 Sizing::Auto => self
                     .measure_auto_row(
                         engine,
+                        disambiguator,
                         y,
                         false,
                         unbreakable_rows_left,
@@ -657,6 +664,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
     /// auto row will have to expand, given the current sizes of the auto row
     /// in each region and the pending rowspans' data (parent Y, rowspan amount
     /// and vector of requested sizes).
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     pub(super) fn simulate_and_measure_rowspans_in_auto_row(
         &self,
         y: usize,
@@ -664,6 +672,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
         pending_rowspans: &[(usize, usize, Vec<Abs>)],
         unbreakable_rows_left: usize,
         row_group_data: Option<&UnbreakableRowGroup>,
+        mut disambiguator: usize,
         engine: &mut Engine,
     ) -> SourceResult<()> {
         // To begin our simulation, we have to unify the sizes demanded by
@@ -726,6 +735,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
             // expand) because we popped the last resolved size from the
             // resolved vector, above.
             simulated_regions.next();
+            disambiguator += 1;
 
             // Subtract the initial header and footer height, since that's the
             // height we used when subtracting from the region backlog's
@@ -749,6 +759,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
             engine,
             last_resolved_size,
             unbreakable_rows_left,
+            disambiguator,
         )?;
 
         if !simulations_stabilized {
@@ -839,6 +850,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
         engine: &mut Engine,
         last_resolved_size: Option<Abs>,
         unbreakable_rows_left: usize,
+        mut disambiguator: usize,
     ) -> SourceResult<bool> {
         // The max amount this row can expand will be the total size requested
         // by rowspans which was not yet resolved. It is worth noting that,
@@ -861,6 +873,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
         // of the requested rowspan height, we give up.
         for _attempt in 0..5 {
             let rowspan_simulator = RowspanSimulator::new(
+                disambiguator,
                 simulated_regions,
                 self.header_height,
                 self.footer_height,
@@ -947,6 +960,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
                 extra_amount_to_grow -= simulated_regions.size.y.max(Abs::zero());
                 simulated_regions.next();
                 simulated_regions.size.y -= self.header_height + self.footer_height;
+                disambiguator += 1;
             }
             simulated_regions.size.y -= extra_amount_to_grow;
         }
@@ -958,6 +972,8 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
 
 /// Auxiliary structure holding state during rowspan simulation.
 struct RowspanSimulator<'a> {
+    /// The number of finished regions.
+    finished: usize,
     /// The state of regions during the simulation.
     regions: Regions<'a>,
     /// The height of the header in the currently simulated region.
@@ -974,8 +990,14 @@ struct RowspanSimulator<'a> {
 impl<'a> RowspanSimulator<'a> {
     /// Creates new rowspan simulation state with the given regions and initial
     /// header and footer heights. Other fields should always start as zero.
-    fn new(regions: Regions<'a>, header_height: Abs, footer_height: Abs) -> Self {
+    fn new(
+        finished: usize,
+        regions: Regions<'a>,
+        header_height: Abs,
+        footer_height: Abs,
+    ) -> Self {
         Self {
+            finished,
             regions,
             header_height,
             footer_height,
@@ -1024,6 +1046,7 @@ impl<'a> RowspanSimulator<'a> {
                     None,
                     &self.regions,
                     engine,
+                    0,
                 )?;
                 while !self.regions.size.y.fits(row_group.height)
                     && !in_last_with_offset(
@@ -1099,16 +1122,21 @@ impl<'a> RowspanSimulator<'a> {
         // backlog to consider the initial header and footer heights; however,
         // our simulation checks what happens AFTER the auto row, so we can
         // just use the original backlog from `self.regions`.
+        let disambiguator = self.finished;
         let header_height =
             if let Some(Repeatable::Repeated(header)) = &layouter.grid.header {
-                layouter.simulate_header(header, &self.regions, engine)?.height
+                layouter
+                    .simulate_header(header, &self.regions, engine, disambiguator)?
+                    .height
             } else {
                 Abs::zero()
             };
 
         let footer_height =
             if let Some(Repeatable::Repeated(footer)) = &layouter.grid.footer {
-                layouter.simulate_footer(footer, &self.regions, engine)?.height
+                layouter
+                    .simulate_footer(footer, &self.regions, engine, disambiguator)?
+                    .height
             } else {
                 Abs::zero()
             };
@@ -1120,6 +1148,7 @@ impl<'a> RowspanSimulator<'a> {
             && !self.regions.in_last()
         {
             self.regions.next();
+            self.finished += 1;
             skipped_region = true;
         }
 
@@ -1127,7 +1156,9 @@ impl<'a> RowspanSimulator<'a> {
             self.header_height = if skipped_region {
                 // Simulate headers again, at the new region, as
                 // the full region height may change.
-                layouter.simulate_header(header, &self.regions, engine)?.height
+                layouter
+                    .simulate_header(header, &self.regions, engine, disambiguator)?
+                    .height
             } else {
                 header_height
             };
@@ -1137,7 +1168,9 @@ impl<'a> RowspanSimulator<'a> {
             self.footer_height = if skipped_region {
                 // Simulate footers again, at the new region, as
                 // the full region height may change.
-                layouter.simulate_footer(footer, &self.regions, engine)?.height
+                layouter
+                    .simulate_footer(footer, &self.regions, engine, disambiguator)?
+                    .height
             } else {
                 footer_height
             };
@@ -1162,6 +1195,7 @@ impl<'a> RowspanSimulator<'a> {
         self.total_spanned_height -= self.latest_spanned_gutter_height;
         self.latest_spanned_gutter_height = Abs::zero();
         self.regions.next();
+        self.finished += 1;
 
         self.simulate_header_footer_layout(layouter, engine)
     }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/inline/mod.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/inline/mod.rs
index 4fffa7eb..e6e3d88c 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/inline/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/inline/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 mod linebreak;
 mod shaping;
 
-use comemo::{Tracked, TrackedMut};
+use comemo::{Track, Tracked, TrackedMut};
 use unicode_bidi::{BidiInfo, Level as BidiLevel};
 use unicode_script::{Script, UnicodeScript};
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use crate::diag::{bail, SourceResult};
 use crate::engine::{Engine, Route};
 use crate::eval::Tracer;
 use crate::foundations::{Packed, Resolve, Smart, StyleChain};
-use crate::introspection::{Introspector, Locator, TagElem};
+use crate::introspection::{Introspector, Locator, LocatorLink, Tag, TagElem};
 use crate::layout::{
     Abs, AlignElem, BoxElem, Dir, Em, FixedAlignment, Fr, Fragment, Frame, FrameItem,
     HElem, InlineElem, InlineItem, Point, Size, Sizing, Spacing,
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ use crate::World;
 pub(crate) fn layout_inline(
     children: &StyleVec,
     engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: Locator,
     styles: StyleChain,
     consecutive: bool,
     region: Size,
@@ -45,25 +46,25 @@ pub(crate) fn layout_inline(
         world: Tracked<dyn World + '_>,
         introspector: Tracked<Introspector>,
         route: Tracked<Route>,
-        locator: Tracked<Locator>,
         tracer: TrackedMut<Tracer>,
+        locator: Tracked<Locator>,
         styles: StyleChain,
         consecutive: bool,
         region: Size,
         expand: bool,
     ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
-        let mut locator = Locator::chained(locator);
+        let link = LocatorLink::new(locator);
+        let locator = Locator::link(&link);
         let mut engine = Engine {
             world,
             introspector,
             route: Route::extend(route),
-            locator: &mut locator,
             tracer,
         };
 
         // Collect all text into one string for BiDi analysis.
         let (text, segments, spans) =
-            collect(children, &mut engine, &styles, region, consecutive)?;
+            collect(children, &mut engine, locator, &styles, region, consecutive)?;
 
         // Perform BiDi analysis and then prepare paragraph layout by building a
         // representation on which we can do line breaking without layouting
@@ -78,21 +79,18 @@ pub(crate) fn layout_inline(
         finalize(&mut engine, &p, &lines, region, expand, shrink)
     }
 
-    let fragment = cached(
+    cached(
         children,
         engine.world,
         engine.introspector,
         engine.route.track(),
-        engine.locator.track(),
         TrackedMut::reborrow_mut(&mut engine.tracer),
+        locator.track(),
         styles,
         consecutive,
         region,
         expand,
-    )?;
-
-    engine.locator.visit_frames(&fragment);
-    Ok(fragment)
+    )
 }
 
 /// Range of a substring of text.
@@ -223,11 +221,11 @@ enum Item<'a> {
     /// Absolute spacing between other items, and whether it is weak.
     Absolute(Abs, bool),
     /// Fractional spacing between other items.
-    Fractional(Fr, Option<(&'a Packed<BoxElem>, StyleChain<'a>)>),
+    Fractional(Fr, Option<(&'a Packed<BoxElem>, Locator<'a>, StyleChain<'a>)>),
     /// Layouted inline-level content.
     Frame(Frame, StyleChain<'a>),
     /// A tag.
-    Tag(&'a Packed<TagElem>),
+    Tag(&'a Tag),
     /// An item that is invisible and needs to be skipped, e.g. a Unicode
     /// isolate.
     Skip(&'static str),
@@ -431,12 +429,14 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
 fn collect<'a>(
     children: &'a StyleVec,
     engine: &mut Engine<'_>,
+    locator: Locator<'a>,
     styles: &'a StyleChain<'a>,
     region: Size,
     consecutive: bool,
 ) -> SourceResult<(String, Vec<Segment<'a>>, SpanMapper)> {
     let mut collector = Collector::new(2 + children.len());
     let mut iter = children.chain(styles).peekable();
+    let mut locator = locator.split();
 
     let first_line_indent = ParElem::first_line_indent_in(*styles);
     if !first_line_indent.is_zero()
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ fn collect<'a>(
         } else if let Some(elem) = child.to_packed::<InlineElem>() {
             collector.push_item(Item::Skip(LTR_ISOLATE));
 
-            for item in elem.layout(engine, styles, region)? {
+            for item in elem.layout(engine, locator.next(&elem.span()), styles, region)? {
                 match item {
                     InlineItem::Space(space, weak) => {
                         collector.push_item(Item::Absolute(space, weak));
@@ -548,14 +548,15 @@ fn collect<'a>(
 
             collector.push_item(Item::Skip(POP_ISOLATE));
         } else if let Some(elem) = child.to_packed::<BoxElem>() {
+            let loc = locator.next(&elem.span());
             if let Sizing::Fr(v) = elem.width(styles) {
-                collector.push_item(Item::Fractional(v, Some((elem, styles))));
+                collector.push_item(Item::Fractional(v, Some((elem, loc, styles))));
             } else {
-                let frame = elem.layout(engine, styles, region)?;
+                let frame = elem.layout(engine, loc, styles, region)?;
                 collector.push_item(Item::Frame(frame, styles));
             }
         } else if let Some(elem) = child.to_packed::<TagElem>() {
-            collector.push_item(Item::Tag(elem));
+            collector.push_item(Item::Tag(&elem.tag));
         } else {
             bail!(child.span(), "unexpected paragraph child");
         };
@@ -1408,9 +1409,10 @@ fn commit(
             }
             Item::Fractional(v, elem) => {
                 let amount = v.share(fr, remaining);
-                if let Some((elem, styles)) = elem {
+                if let Some((elem, loc, styles)) = elem {
                     let region = Size::new(amount, full);
-                    let mut frame = elem.layout(engine, *styles, region)?;
+                    let mut frame =
+                        elem.layout(engine, loc.relayout(), *styles, region)?;
                     frame.post_process(*styles);
                     frame.translate(Point::with_y(TextElem::baseline_in(*styles)));
                     push(&mut offset, frame);
@@ -1432,7 +1434,7 @@ fn commit(
             }
             Item::Tag(tag) => {
                 let mut frame = Frame::soft(Size::zero());
-                frame.push(Point::zero(), FrameItem::Tag(tag.elem.clone()));
+                frame.push(Point::zero(), FrameItem::Tag((*tag).clone()));
                 frames.push((offset, frame));
             }
             Item::Skip(_) => {}
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/layout.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/layout.rs
index b7293640..efe5d124 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/layout.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/layout.rs
@@ -76,18 +76,26 @@ struct LayoutElem {
 
 impl Show for Packed<LayoutElem> {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(BlockElem::multi_layouter(self.clone(), |elem, engine, styles, regions| {
-            // Gets the current region's base size, which will be the size of the
-            // outer container, or of the page if there is no such container.
-            let Size { x, y } = regions.base();
-            let loc = elem.location().unwrap();
-            let context = Context::new(Some(loc), Some(styles));
-            let result = elem
-                .func()
-                .call(engine, context.track(), [dict! { "width" => x, "height" => y }])?
-                .display();
-            result.layout(engine, styles, regions)
-        })
-        .pack())
+        Ok(BlockElem::multi_layouter(
+            self.clone(),
+            |elem, engine, locator, styles, regions| {
+                // Gets the current region's base size, which will be the size of the
+                // outer container, or of the page if there is no such container.
+                let Size { x, y } = regions.base();
+                let loc = elem.location().unwrap();
+                let context = Context::new(Some(loc), Some(styles));
+                let result = elem
+                    .func()
+                    .call(
+                        engine,
+                        context.track(),
+                        [dict! { "width" => x, "height" => y }],
+                    )?
+                    .display();
+                result.layout(engine, locator, styles, regions)
+            },
+        )
+        .pack()
+        .spanned(self.span()))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/measure.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/measure.rs
index cae9d9e0..af093f24 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/measure.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/measure.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{
     dict, func, Content, Context, Dict, Resolve, Smart, StyleChain, Styles,
 };
+use crate::introspection::{Locator, LocatorLink};
 use crate::layout::{Abs, Axes, Length, Regions, Size};
 use crate::syntax::Span;
 
@@ -85,13 +86,24 @@ pub fn measure(
         None => context.styles().at(span)?,
     };
 
-    let available = Axes::new(
-        width.resolve(styles).unwrap_or(Abs::inf()),
-        height.resolve(styles).unwrap_or(Abs::inf()),
+    // Create a pod region with the available space.
+    let pod = Regions::one(
+        Axes::new(
+            width.resolve(styles).unwrap_or(Abs::inf()),
+            height.resolve(styles).unwrap_or(Abs::inf()),
+        ),
+        Axes::splat(false),
     );
 
-    let pod = Regions::one(available, Axes::splat(false));
-    let frame = content.measure(engine, styles, pod)?.into_frame();
+    // We put the locator into a special "measurement mode" to ensure that
+    // introspection-driven features within the content continue to work. Read
+    // the "Dealing with measurement" section of the [`Locator`] docs for more
+    // details.
+    let here = context.location().at(span)?;
+    let link = LocatorLink::measure(here);
+    let locator = Locator::link(&link);
+
+    let frame = content.layout(engine, locator, styles, pod)?.into_frame();
     let Size { x, y } = frame.size();
     Ok(dict! { "width" => x, "height" => y })
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/mod.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/mod.rs
index ac1452ca..843b43f5 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/mod.rs
@@ -69,13 +69,13 @@ pub use self::transform::*;
 
 pub(crate) use self::inline::*;
 
-use comemo::{Tracked, TrackedMut};
+use comemo::{Track, Tracked, TrackedMut};
 
 use crate::diag::{bail, SourceResult};
 use crate::engine::{Engine, Route};
 use crate::eval::Tracer;
 use crate::foundations::{category, Category, Content, Scope, StyleChain};
-use crate::introspection::{Introspector, Locator};
+use crate::introspection::{Introspector, Locator, LocatorLink};
 use crate::model::Document;
 use crate::realize::{realize_doc, realize_flow, Arenas};
 use crate::World;
@@ -138,21 +138,20 @@ impl Content {
             world: Tracked<dyn World + '_>,
             introspector: Tracked<Introspector>,
             route: Tracked<Route>,
-            locator: Tracked<Locator>,
             tracer: TrackedMut<Tracer>,
             styles: StyleChain,
         ) -> SourceResult<Document> {
-            let mut locator = Locator::chained(locator);
+            let mut locator = Locator::root().split();
             let mut engine = Engine {
                 world,
                 introspector,
                 route: Route::extend(route).unnested(),
-                locator: &mut locator,
                 tracer,
             };
             let arenas = Arenas::default();
-            let (document, styles) = realize_doc(&mut engine, &arenas, content, styles)?;
-            document.layout(&mut engine, styles)
+            let (document, styles) =
+                realize_doc(&mut engine, locator.next(&()), &arenas, content, styles)?;
+            document.layout(&mut engine, locator.next(&()), styles)
         }
 
         cached(
@@ -160,7 +159,6 @@ impl Content {
             engine.world,
             engine.introspector,
             engine.route.track(),
-            engine.locator.track(),
             TrackedMut::reborrow_mut(&mut engine.tracer),
             styles,
         )
@@ -170,22 +168,7 @@ impl Content {
     pub fn layout(
         &self,
         engine: &mut Engine,
-        styles: StyleChain,
-        regions: Regions,
-    ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
-        let fragment = self.measure(engine, styles, regions)?;
-        engine.locator.visit_frames(&fragment);
-        Ok(fragment)
-    }
-
-    /// Layout without side effects.
-    ///
-    /// For the results to be valid, the element must either be layouted again
-    /// or the measurement must be confirmed through a call to
-    /// `engine.locator.visit_frames(&fragment)`.
-    pub fn measure(
-        &self,
-        engine: &mut Engine,
+        locator: Locator,
         styles: StyleChain,
         regions: Regions,
     ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
@@ -196,17 +179,17 @@ impl Content {
             world: Tracked<dyn World + '_>,
             introspector: Tracked<Introspector>,
             route: Tracked<Route>,
-            locator: Tracked<Locator>,
             tracer: TrackedMut<Tracer>,
+            locator: Tracked<Locator>,
             styles: StyleChain,
             regions: Regions,
         ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
-            let mut locator = Locator::chained(locator);
+            let link = LocatorLink::new(locator);
+            let locator = Locator::link(&link);
             let mut engine = Engine {
                 world,
                 introspector,
                 route: Route::extend(route),
-                locator: &mut locator,
                 tracer,
             };
 
@@ -219,14 +202,16 @@ impl Content {
 
             // If we are in a `PageElem`, this might already be a realized flow.
             if let Some(flow) = content.to_packed::<FlowElem>() {
-                return flow.layout(&mut engine, styles, regions);
+                return flow.layout(&mut engine, locator, styles, regions);
             }
 
             // Layout the content by first turning it into a `FlowElem` and then
             // layouting that.
+            let mut locator = locator.split();
             let arenas = Arenas::default();
-            let (flow, styles) = realize_flow(&mut engine, &arenas, content, styles)?;
-            flow.layout(&mut engine, styles, regions)
+            let (flow, styles) =
+                realize_flow(&mut engine, locator.next(&()), &arenas, content, styles)?;
+            flow.layout(&mut engine, locator.next(&()), styles, regions)
         }
 
         cached(
@@ -234,8 +219,8 @@ impl Content {
             engine.world,
             engine.introspector,
             engine.route.track(),
-            engine.locator.track(),
             TrackedMut::reborrow_mut(&mut engine.tracer),
+            locator.track(),
             styles,
             regions,
         )
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/pad.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/pad.rs
index 6e1e6258..814ccdc5 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/pad.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/pad.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{
     elem, Content, NativeElement, Packed, Resolve, Show, StyleChain,
 };
+use crate::introspection::Locator;
 use crate::layout::{
     Abs, BlockElem, Fragment, Frame, Length, Point, Regions, Rel, Sides, Size,
 };
@@ -64,7 +65,9 @@ pub struct PadElem {
 
 impl Show for Packed<PadElem> {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(BlockElem::multi_layouter(self.clone(), layout_pad).pack())
+        Ok(BlockElem::multi_layouter(self.clone(), layout_pad)
+            .pack()
+            .spanned(self.span()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -73,6 +76,7 @@ impl Show for Packed<PadElem> {
 fn layout_pad(
     elem: &Packed<PadElem>,
     engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: Locator,
     styles: StyleChain,
     regions: Regions,
 ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
@@ -87,7 +91,7 @@ fn layout_pad(
     let pod = regions.map(&mut backlog, |size| shrink(size, &padding));
 
     // Layout child into padded regions.
-    let mut fragment = elem.body().layout(engine, styles, pod)?;
+    let mut fragment = elem.body().layout(engine, locator, styles, pod)?;
 
     for frame in &mut fragment {
         grow(frame, &padding);
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/page.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/page.rs
index 42c267ed..1c1e0515 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/page.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/page.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     cast, elem, AutoValue, Cast, Content, Context, Dict, Fold, Func, NativeElement,
     Packed, Resolve, Smart, StyleChain, Value,
 };
-use crate::introspection::{Counter, CounterDisplayElem, CounterKey, ManualPageCounter};
+use crate::introspection::{
+    Counter, CounterDisplayElem, CounterKey, Locator, ManualPageCounter,
+};
 use crate::layout::{
     Abs, AlignElem, Alignment, Axes, ColumnsElem, Dir, Frame, HAlignment, Length,
     OuterVAlignment, Point, Ratio, Regions, Rel, Sides, Size, SpecificAlignment,
@@ -349,10 +351,13 @@ impl Packed<PageElem> {
     pub fn layout(
         &self,
         engine: &mut Engine,
+        locator: Locator,
         styles: StyleChain,
         page_counter: &mut ManualPageCounter,
         extend_to: Option<Parity>,
     ) -> SourceResult<Vec<Page>> {
+        let mut locator = locator.split();
+
         // When one of the lengths is infinite the page fits its content along
         // that axis.
         let width = self.width(styles).unwrap_or(Abs::inf());
@@ -400,7 +405,9 @@ impl Packed<PageElem> {
         regions.root = true;
 
         // Layout the child.
-        let mut frames = child.layout(engine, styles, regions)?.into_frames();
+        let mut frames = child
+            .layout(engine, locator.next(&self.span()), styles, regions)?
+            .into_frames();
 
         // Align the child to the pagebreak's parity.
         // Check for page count after adding the pending frames
@@ -504,7 +511,7 @@ impl Packed<PageElem> {
                 let sub = content
                     .clone()
                     .styled(AlignElem::set_alignment(align))
-                    .layout(engine, styles, pod)?
+                    .layout(engine, locator.next(&content.span()), styles, pod)?
                     .into_frame();
 
                 if ptr::eq(marginal, header) || ptr::eq(marginal, background) {
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/place.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/place.rs
index d8791327..78922c1b 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/place.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/place.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use crate::diag::{bail, At, Hint, SourceResult};
 use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{elem, scope, Content, Packed, Smart, StyleChain, Unlabellable};
+use crate::introspection::Locator;
 use crate::layout::{
     Alignment, Axes, Em, Fragment, Length, Regions, Rel, Size, VAlignment,
 };
@@ -108,6 +109,7 @@ impl Packed<PlaceElem> {
     pub fn layout(
         &self,
         engine: &mut Engine,
+        locator: Locator,
         styles: StyleChain,
         base: Size,
     ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
@@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ impl Packed<PlaceElem> {
             .aligned(alignment.unwrap_or_else(|| Alignment::CENTER));
 
         let pod = Regions::one(base, Axes::splat(false));
-        let frame = child.layout(engine, styles, pod)?.into_frame();
+        let frame = child.layout(engine, locator, styles, pod)?.into_frame();
         Ok(Fragment::frame(frame))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/repeat.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/repeat.rs
index 08905466..4a0911e4 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/repeat.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/repeat.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{
     elem, Content, NativeElement, Packed, Resolve, Show, StyleChain,
 };
+use crate::introspection::Locator;
 use crate::layout::{
     Abs, AlignElem, Axes, BlockElem, Fragment, Frame, Point, Regions, Size,
 };
@@ -38,7 +39,9 @@ pub struct RepeatElem {
 
 impl Show for Packed<RepeatElem> {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(BlockElem::multi_layouter(self.clone(), layout_repeat).pack())
+        Ok(BlockElem::multi_layouter(self.clone(), layout_repeat)
+            .pack()
+            .spanned(self.span()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -47,11 +50,13 @@ impl Show for Packed<RepeatElem> {
 fn layout_repeat(
     elem: &Packed<RepeatElem>,
     engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: Locator,
     styles: StyleChain,
     regions: Regions,
 ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
     let pod = Regions::one(regions.size, Axes::new(false, false));
-    let piece = elem.body().layout(engine, styles, pod)?.into_frame();
+    let piece = elem.body().layout(engine, locator, styles, pod)?.into_frame();
+
     let align = AlignElem::alignment_in(styles).resolve(styles);
 
     let fill = regions.size.x;
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/stack.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/stack.rs
index 8271ff00..3d8002ab 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/stack.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/stack.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{
     cast, elem, Content, NativeElement, Packed, Resolve, Show, StyleChain, StyledElem,
 };
+use crate::introspection::{Locator, SplitLocator};
 use crate::layout::{
     Abs, AlignElem, Axes, Axis, BlockElem, Dir, FixedAlignment, Fr, Fragment, Frame,
     HElem, Point, Regions, Size, Spacing, VElem,
@@ -56,7 +57,9 @@ pub struct StackElem {
 
 impl Show for Packed<StackElem> {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(BlockElem::multi_layouter(self.clone(), layout_stack).pack())
+        Ok(BlockElem::multi_layouter(self.clone(), layout_stack)
+            .pack()
+            .spanned(self.span()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -93,10 +96,13 @@ cast! {
 fn layout_stack(
     elem: &Packed<StackElem>,
     engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: Locator,
     styles: StyleChain,
     regions: Regions,
 ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
-    let mut layouter = StackLayouter::new(elem.span(), elem.dir(styles), regions, styles);
+    let mut layouter =
+        StackLayouter::new(elem.span(), elem.dir(styles), locator, styles, regions);
+
     let axis = layouter.dir.axis();
 
     // Spacing to insert before the next block.
@@ -145,10 +151,12 @@ struct StackLayouter<'a> {
     dir: Dir,
     /// The axis of the stacking direction.
     axis: Axis,
-    /// The regions to layout children into.
-    regions: Regions<'a>,
+    /// Provides unique locations to the stack's children.
+    locator: SplitLocator<'a>,
     /// The inherited styles.
     styles: StyleChain<'a>,
+    /// The regions to layout children into.
+    regions: Regions<'a>,
     /// Whether the stack itself should expand to fill the region.
     expand: Axes<bool>,
     /// The initial size of the current region before we started subtracting.
@@ -179,8 +187,9 @@ impl<'a> StackLayouter<'a> {
     fn new(
         span: Span,
         dir: Dir,
-        mut regions: Regions<'a>,
+        locator: Locator<'a>,
         styles: StyleChain<'a>,
+        mut regions: Regions<'a>,
     ) -> Self {
         let axis = dir.axis();
         let expand = regions.expand;
@@ -192,8 +201,9 @@ impl<'a> StackLayouter<'a> {
             span,
             dir,
             axis,
-            regions,
+            locator: locator.split(),
             styles,
+            regions,
             expand,
             initial: regions.size,
             used: GenericSize::zero(),
@@ -247,7 +257,13 @@ impl<'a> StackLayouter<'a> {
         }
         .resolve(styles);
 
-        let fragment = block.layout(engine, styles, self.regions)?;
+        let fragment = block.layout(
+            engine,
+            self.locator.next(&block.span()),
+            styles,
+            self.regions,
+        )?;
+
         let len = fragment.len();
         for (i, frame) in fragment.into_iter().enumerate() {
             // Grow our size, shrink the region and save the frame for later.
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/transform.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/transform.rs
index 0e9b0ca6..7172466f 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/transform.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/transform.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{
     elem, Content, NativeElement, Packed, Resolve, Show, StyleChain,
 };
+use crate::introspection::Locator;
 use crate::layout::{
     Abs, Alignment, Angle, Axes, BlockElem, FixedAlignment, Frame, HAlignment, Length,
     Point, Ratio, Region, Regions, Rel, Size, VAlignment,
@@ -41,7 +42,9 @@ pub struct MoveElem {
 
 impl Show for Packed<MoveElem> {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(self.clone(), layout_move).pack())
+        Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(self.clone(), layout_move)
+            .pack()
+            .spanned(self.span()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -50,12 +53,13 @@ impl Show for Packed<MoveElem> {
 fn layout_move(
     elem: &Packed<MoveElem>,
     engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: Locator,
     styles: StyleChain,
     region: Region,
 ) -> SourceResult<Frame> {
     let mut frame = elem
         .body()
-        .layout(engine, styles, region.into_regions())?
+        .layout(engine, locator, styles, region.into_regions())?
         .into_frame();
     let delta = Axes::new(elem.dx(styles), elem.dy(styles)).resolve(styles);
     let delta = delta.zip_map(region.size, Rel::relative_to);
@@ -126,7 +130,9 @@ pub struct RotateElem {
 
 impl Show for Packed<RotateElem> {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(self.clone(), layout_rotate).pack())
+        Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(self.clone(), layout_rotate)
+            .pack()
+            .spanned(self.span()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -135,6 +141,7 @@ impl Show for Packed<RotateElem> {
 fn layout_rotate(
     elem: &Packed<RotateElem>,
     engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: Locator,
     styles: StyleChain,
     region: Region,
 ) -> SourceResult<Frame> {
@@ -151,6 +158,7 @@ fn layout_rotate(
 
     measure_and_layout(
         engine,
+        locator,
         region,
         size,
         styles,
@@ -219,7 +227,9 @@ pub struct ScaleElem {
 
 impl Show for Packed<ScaleElem> {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(self.clone(), layout_scale).pack())
+        Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(self.clone(), layout_scale)
+            .pack()
+            .spanned(self.span()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -228,6 +238,7 @@ impl Show for Packed<ScaleElem> {
 fn layout_scale(
     elem: &Packed<ScaleElem>,
     engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: Locator,
     styles: StyleChain,
     region: Region,
 ) -> SourceResult<Frame> {
@@ -240,6 +251,7 @@ fn layout_scale(
 
     measure_and_layout(
         engine,
+        locator,
         region,
         size,
         styles,
@@ -379,6 +391,7 @@ impl Default for Transform {
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 fn measure_and_layout(
     engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: Locator,
     region: Region,
     size: Size,
     styles: StyleChain,
@@ -390,11 +403,11 @@ fn measure_and_layout(
     if reflow {
         // Measure the size of the body.
         let pod = Regions::one(size, Axes::splat(false));
-        let frame = body.measure(engine, styles, pod)?.into_frame();
+        let frame = body.layout(engine, locator.relayout(), styles, pod)?.into_frame();
 
         // Actually perform the layout.
         let pod = Regions::one(frame.size(), Axes::splat(true));
-        let mut frame = body.layout(engine, styles, pod)?.into_frame();
+        let mut frame = body.layout(engine, locator, styles, pod)?.into_frame();
         let Axes { x, y } = align.zip_map(frame.size(), FixedAlignment::position);
 
         // Compute the transform.
@@ -410,7 +423,9 @@ fn measure_and_layout(
         Ok(frame)
     } else {
         // Layout the body.
-        let mut frame = body.layout(engine, styles, region.into_regions())?.into_frame();
+        let mut frame = body
+            .layout(engine, locator, styles, region.into_regions())?
+            .into_frame();
         let Axes { x, y } = align.zip_map(frame.size(), FixedAlignment::position);
 
         // Compute the transform.
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/lib.rs b/crates/typst/src/lib.rs
index 49f2c32b..6d445edd 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/lib.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ use crate::eval::Tracer;
 use crate::foundations::{
     Array, Bytes, Content, Datetime, Dict, Module, Scope, StyleChain, Styles, Value,
 };
-use crate::introspection::{Introspector, Locator};
+use crate::introspection::Introspector;
 use crate::layout::{Alignment, Dir};
 use crate::model::Document;
 use crate::syntax::package::PackageSpec;
@@ -129,12 +129,10 @@ fn typeset(
         tracer.delayed();
 
         let constraint = <Introspector as Validate>::Constraint::new();
-        let mut locator = Locator::new();
         let mut engine = Engine {
             world,
             route: Route::default(),
             tracer: tracer.track_mut(),
-            locator: &mut locator,
             introspector: document.introspector.track_with(&constraint),
         };
 
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/math/ctx.rs b/crates/typst/src/math/ctx.rs
index b5ed6682..ac3fbca8 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/math/ctx.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/math/ctx.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
 use crate::diag::SourceResult;
 use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{Content, Packed, StyleChain};
+use crate::introspection::{Locator, SplitLocator};
 use crate::layout::{Abs, Axes, BoxElem, Em, Frame, Regions, Size};
 use crate::math::{
     scaled_font_size, styled_char, EquationElem, FrameFragment, GlyphFragment,
@@ -49,6 +50,7 @@ macro_rules! percent {
 pub struct MathContext<'a, 'b, 'v> {
     // External.
     pub engine: &'v mut Engine<'b>,
+    pub locator: SplitLocator<'v>,
     pub regions: Regions<'static>,
     // Font-related.
     pub font: &'a Font,
@@ -65,6 +67,7 @@ pub struct MathContext<'a, 'b, 'v> {
 impl<'a, 'b, 'v> MathContext<'a, 'b, 'v> {
     pub fn new(
         engine: &'v mut Engine<'b>,
+        locator: Locator<'v>,
         styles: StyleChain<'a>,
         base: Size,
         font: &'a Font,
@@ -103,6 +106,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'v> MathContext<'a, 'b, 'v> {
 
         Self {
             engine,
+            locator: locator.split(),
             regions: Regions::one(base, Axes::splat(false)),
             font,
             ttf: font.ttf(),
@@ -174,7 +178,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'v> MathContext<'a, 'b, 'v> {
     ) -> SourceResult<Frame> {
         let local =
             TextElem::set_size(TextSize(scaled_font_size(self, styles).into())).wrap();
-        boxed.layout(self.engine, styles.chain(&local), self.regions.base())
+        boxed.layout(
+            self.engine,
+            self.locator.next(&boxed.span()),
+            styles.chain(&local),
+            self.regions.base(),
+        )
     }
 
     /// Layout the given [`Content`] into a [`Frame`].
@@ -186,7 +195,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'v> MathContext<'a, 'b, 'v> {
         let local =
             TextElem::set_size(TextSize(scaled_font_size(self, styles).into())).wrap();
         Ok(content
-            .layout(self.engine, styles.chain(&local), self.regions)?
+            .layout(
+                self.engine,
+                self.locator.next(&content.span()),
+                styles.chain(&local),
+                self.regions,
+            )?
             .into_frame())
     }
 
@@ -290,7 +304,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'v> MathContext<'a, 'b, 'v> {
         let par = ParElem::new(StyleVec::wrap(eco_vec![text]));
         let frame = Packed::new(par)
             .spanned(span)
-            .layout(self.engine, styles, false, Size::splat(Abs::inf()), false)?
+            .layout(
+                self.engine,
+                self.locator.next(&span),
+                styles,
+                false,
+                Size::splat(Abs::inf()),
+                false,
+            )?
             .into_frame();
 
         Ok(FrameFragment::new(self, styles, frame)
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/math/equation.rs b/crates/typst/src/math/equation.rs
index d6a43d75..054b2823 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/math/equation.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/math/equation.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     elem, Content, NativeElement, Packed, Resolve, Show, ShowSet, Smart, StyleChain,
     Styles, Synthesize,
 };
-use crate::introspection::{Count, Counter, CounterUpdate, Locatable};
+use crate::introspection::{Count, Counter, CounterUpdate, Locatable, Locator};
 use crate::layout::{
     Abs, AlignElem, Alignment, Axes, BlockElem, Em, FixedAlignment, Fragment, Frame,
     InlineElem, InlineItem, OuterHAlignment, Point, Regions, Size, SpecificAlignment,
@@ -166,9 +166,13 @@ impl Synthesize for Packed<EquationElem> {
 impl Show for Packed<EquationElem> {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
         if self.block(styles) {
-            Ok(BlockElem::multi_layouter(self.clone(), layout_equation_block).pack())
+            Ok(BlockElem::multi_layouter(self.clone(), layout_equation_block)
+                .pack()
+                .spanned(self.span()))
         } else {
-            Ok(InlineElem::layouter(self.clone(), layout_equation_inline).pack())
+            Ok(InlineElem::layouter(self.clone(), layout_equation_inline)
+                .pack()
+                .spanned(self.span()))
         }
     }
 }
@@ -265,7 +269,8 @@ impl LayoutMath for Packed<EquationElem> {
 #[typst_macros::time(span = elem.span())]
 fn layout_equation_inline(
     elem: &Packed<EquationElem>,
-    engine: &mut Engine<'_>,
+    engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: Locator,
     styles: StyleChain,
     region: Size,
 ) -> SourceResult<Vec<InlineItem>> {
@@ -273,7 +278,7 @@ fn layout_equation_inline(
 
     let font = find_math_font(engine, styles, elem.span())?;
 
-    let mut ctx = MathContext::new(engine, styles, region, &font);
+    let mut ctx = MathContext::new(engine, locator, styles, region, &font);
     let run = ctx.layout_into_run(elem, styles)?;
 
     let mut items = if run.row_count() == 1 {
@@ -311,6 +316,7 @@ fn layout_equation_inline(
 fn layout_equation_block(
     elem: &Packed<EquationElem>,
     engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: Locator,
     styles: StyleChain,
     regions: Regions,
 ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
@@ -319,7 +325,9 @@ fn layout_equation_block(
     let span = elem.span();
     let font = find_math_font(engine, styles, span)?;
 
-    let mut ctx = MathContext::new(engine, styles, regions.base(), &font);
+    let mut locator = locator.split();
+    let mut ctx =
+        MathContext::new(engine, locator.next(&()), styles, regions.base(), &font);
     let full_equation_builder = ctx
         .layout_into_run(elem, styles)?
         .multiline_frame_builder(&ctx, styles);
@@ -395,7 +403,7 @@ fn layout_equation_block(
     let number = Counter::of(EquationElem::elem())
         .display_at_loc(engine, elem.location().unwrap(), styles, numbering)?
         .spanned(span)
-        .layout(engine, styles, pod)?
+        .layout(engine, locator.next(&()), styles, pod)?
         .into_frame();
 
     static NUMBER_GUTTER: Em = Em::new(0.5);
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/math/mod.rs b/crates/typst/src/math/mod.rs
index 3b493b81..6ef3df9a 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/math/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/math/mod.rs
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for Content {
             return elem.layout_math(ctx, styles);
         }
 
-        if let Some(realized) = process(ctx.engine, self, styles)? {
+        if let Some(realized) = process(ctx.engine, &mut ctx.locator, self, styles)? {
             return realized.layout_math(ctx, styles);
         }
 
@@ -296,9 +296,9 @@ impl LayoutMath for Content {
             return Ok(());
         }
 
-        if let Some(tag) = self.to_packed::<TagElem>() {
+        if let Some(elem) = self.to_packed::<TagElem>() {
             let mut frame = Frame::soft(Size::zero());
-            frame.push(Point::zero(), FrameItem::Tag(tag.elem.clone()));
+            frame.push(Point::zero(), FrameItem::Tag(elem.tag.clone()));
             ctx.push(FrameFragment::new(ctx, styles, frame));
             return Ok(());
         }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/cite.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/cite.rs
index 2d5de152..e156e0ec 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/cite.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/cite.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::diag::{bail, At, SourceResult};
+use crate::diag::{error, At, HintedString, SourceResult};
 use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{
     cast, elem, Cast, Content, Label, Packed, Show, Smart, StyleChain, Synthesize,
@@ -159,6 +159,17 @@ impl Show for Packed<CiteGroup> {
             .citations
             .get(&location)
             .cloned()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| bail!(span, "failed to format citation (this is a bug)"))
+            .ok_or_else(failed_to_format_citation)
+            .at(span)?
     }
 }
+
+/// The error message when a citation wasn't found in the pre-formatted list.
+#[cold]
+fn failed_to_format_citation() -> HintedString {
+    error!(
+        "cannot format citation in isolation";
+        hint: "check whether this citation is measured \
+               without being inserted into the document"
+    )
+}
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/document.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/document.rs
index 7bc517ee..341c077c 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/document.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/document.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     cast, elem, Args, Array, Construct, Content, Datetime, Packed, Smart, StyleChain,
     Value,
 };
-use crate::introspection::{Introspector, ManualPageCounter};
+use crate::introspection::{Introspector, Locator, ManualPageCounter};
 use crate::layout::{Page, PageElem};
 use crate::realize::StyleVec;
 
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ impl Packed<DocumentElem> {
     pub fn layout(
         &self,
         engine: &mut Engine,
+        locator: Locator,
         styles: StyleChain,
     ) -> SourceResult<Document> {
         let mut pages = Vec::with_capacity(self.children().len());
@@ -83,13 +84,20 @@ impl Packed<DocumentElem> {
 
         let children = self.children();
         let mut iter = children.chain(&styles).peekable();
+        let mut locator = locator.split();
 
         while let Some((child, styles)) = iter.next() {
             if let Some(page) = child.to_packed::<PageElem>() {
                 let extend_to = iter
                     .peek()
                     .and_then(|(next, _)| *next.to_packed::<PageElem>()?.clear_to()?);
-                let run = page.layout(engine, styles, &mut page_counter, extend_to)?;
+                let run = page.layout(
+                    engine,
+                    locator.next(&page.span()),
+                    styles,
+                    &mut page_counter,
+                    extend_to,
+                )?;
                 pages.extend(run);
             } else {
                 bail!(child.span(), "unexpected document child");
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/enum.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/enum.rs
index d03c774c..9d4cdf42 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/enum.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/enum.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     cast, elem, scope, Array, Content, Context, NativeElement, Packed, Show, Smart,
     StyleChain, Styles,
 };
+use crate::introspection::Locator;
 use crate::layout::{
     Alignment, Axes, BlockElem, Cell, CellGrid, Em, Fragment, GridLayouter, HAlignment,
     Length, Regions, Sizing, Spacing, VAlignment, VElem,
@@ -215,7 +216,9 @@ impl EnumElem {
 
 impl Show for Packed<EnumElem> {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        let mut realized = BlockElem::multi_layouter(self.clone(), layout_enum).pack();
+        let mut realized = BlockElem::multi_layouter(self.clone(), layout_enum)
+            .pack()
+            .spanned(self.span());
 
         if self.tight(styles) {
             let leading = ParElem::leading_in(styles);
@@ -232,6 +235,7 @@ impl Show for Packed<EnumElem> {
 fn layout_enum(
     elem: &Packed<EnumElem>,
     engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: Locator,
     styles: StyleChain,
     regions: Regions,
 ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
@@ -246,6 +250,7 @@ fn layout_enum(
     };
 
     let mut cells = vec![];
+    let mut locator = locator.split();
     let mut number = elem.start(styles);
     let mut parents = EnumElem::parents_in(styles);
 
@@ -280,11 +285,12 @@ fn layout_enum(
         let resolved =
             resolved.aligned(number_align).styled(TextElem::set_overhang(false));
 
-        cells.push(Cell::from(Content::empty()));
-        cells.push(Cell::from(resolved));
-        cells.push(Cell::from(Content::empty()));
-        cells.push(Cell::from(
-            item.body().clone().styled(EnumElem::set_parents(smallvec![number])),
+        cells.push(Cell::new(Content::empty(), locator.next(&())));
+        cells.push(Cell::new(resolved, locator.next(&())));
+        cells.push(Cell::new(Content::empty(), locator.next(&())));
+        cells.push(Cell::new(
+            item.body.clone().styled(EnumElem::set_parents(smallvec![number])),
+            locator.next(&item.body.span()),
         ));
         number = number.saturating_add(1);
     }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/heading.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/heading.rs
index 478b4315..e160eeea 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/heading.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/heading.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     elem, Content, NativeElement, Packed, Resolve, Show, ShowSet, Smart, StyleChain,
     Styles, Synthesize,
 };
-use crate::introspection::{Count, Counter, CounterUpdate, Locatable};
+use crate::introspection::{
+    Count, Counter, CounterUpdate, Locatable, Locator, LocatorLink,
+};
 use crate::layout::{
     Abs, Axes, BlockChild, BlockElem, Em, HElem, Length, Regions, VElem,
 };
@@ -221,20 +223,27 @@ impl Show for Packed<HeadingElem> {
         let mut realized = self.body().clone();
 
         let hanging_indent = self.hanging_indent(styles);
-
         let mut indent = match hanging_indent {
             Smart::Custom(length) => length.resolve(styles),
             Smart::Auto => Abs::zero(),
         };
 
         if let Some(numbering) = (**self).numbering(styles).as_ref() {
+            let location = self.location().unwrap();
             let numbering = Counter::of(HeadingElem::elem())
-                .display_at_loc(engine, self.location().unwrap(), styles, numbering)?
+                .display_at_loc(engine, location, styles, numbering)?
                 .spanned(span);
 
             if hanging_indent.is_auto() {
                 let pod = Regions::one(Axes::splat(Abs::inf()), Axes::splat(false));
-                let size = numbering.measure(engine, styles, pod)?.into_frame().size();
+
+                // We don't have a locator for the numbering here, so we just
+                // use the measurement infrastructure for now.
+                let link = LocatorLink::measure(location);
+                let size = numbering
+                    .layout(engine, Locator::link(&link), styles, pod)?
+                    .into_frame()
+                    .size();
 
                 indent = size.x + SPACING_TO_NUMBERING.resolve(styles);
             }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/list.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/list.rs
index ffecc400..d8e58052 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/list.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/list.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     cast, elem, scope, Array, Content, Context, Depth, Func, NativeElement, Packed, Show,
     Smart, StyleChain, Styles, Value,
 };
+use crate::introspection::Locator;
 use crate::layout::{
     Axes, BlockElem, Cell, CellGrid, Em, Fragment, GridLayouter, HAlignment, Length,
     Regions, Sizing, Spacing, VAlignment, VElem,
@@ -139,7 +140,9 @@ impl ListElem {
 
 impl Show for Packed<ListElem> {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        let mut realized = BlockElem::multi_layouter(self.clone(), layout_list).pack();
+        let mut realized = BlockElem::multi_layouter(self.clone(), layout_list)
+            .pack()
+            .spanned(self.span());
 
         if self.tight(styles) {
             let leading = ParElem::leading_in(styles);
@@ -156,6 +159,7 @@ impl Show for Packed<ListElem> {
 fn layout_list(
     elem: &Packed<ListElem>,
     engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: Locator,
     styles: StyleChain,
     regions: Regions,
 ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
@@ -176,11 +180,16 @@ fn layout_list(
         .aligned(HAlignment::Start + VAlignment::Top);
 
     let mut cells = vec![];
+    let mut locator = locator.split();
+
     for item in elem.children() {
-        cells.push(Cell::from(Content::empty()));
-        cells.push(Cell::from(marker.clone()));
-        cells.push(Cell::from(Content::empty()));
-        cells.push(Cell::from(item.body().clone().styled(ListElem::set_depth(Depth(1)))));
+        cells.push(Cell::new(Content::empty(), locator.next(&())));
+        cells.push(Cell::new(marker.clone(), locator.next(&marker.span())));
+        cells.push(Cell::new(Content::empty(), locator.next(&())));
+        cells.push(Cell::new(
+            item.body.clone().styled(ListElem::set_depth(Depth(1))),
+            locator.next(&item.body.span()),
+        ));
     }
 
     let grid = CellGrid::new(
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/par.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/par.rs
index 7615ddba..8d5178b1 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/par.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/par.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     elem, Args, Cast, Construct, Content, NativeElement, Packed, Set, Smart, StyleChain,
     Unlabellable,
 };
+use crate::introspection::Locator;
 use crate::layout::{Em, Fragment, Length, Size};
 use crate::realize::StyleVec;
 
@@ -138,6 +139,7 @@ impl Packed<ParElem> {
     pub fn layout(
         &self,
         engine: &mut Engine,
+        locator: Locator,
         styles: StyleChain,
         consecutive: bool,
         region: Size,
@@ -146,6 +148,7 @@ impl Packed<ParElem> {
         crate::layout::layout_inline(
             &self.children,
             engine,
+            locator,
             styles,
             consecutive,
             region,
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/table.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/table.rs
index 0c56b7e4..da7b6082 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/table.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/table.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{
     cast, elem, scope, Content, Fold, NativeElement, Packed, Show, Smart, StyleChain,
 };
+use crate::introspection::Locator;
 use crate::layout::{
     show_grid_cell, Abs, Alignment, Axes, BlockElem, Cell, CellGrid, Celled, Dir,
     Fragment, GridCell, GridFooter, GridHLine, GridHeader, GridLayouter, GridVLine,
@@ -262,7 +263,9 @@ impl TableElem {
 
 impl Show for Packed<TableElem> {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(BlockElem::multi_layouter(self.clone(), layout_table).pack())
+        Ok(BlockElem::multi_layouter(self.clone(), layout_table)
+            .pack()
+            .spanned(self.span()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -271,6 +274,7 @@ impl Show for Packed<TableElem> {
 fn layout_table(
     elem: &Packed<TableElem>,
     engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: Locator,
     styles: StyleChain,
     regions: Regions,
 ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
@@ -304,6 +308,7 @@ fn layout_table(
     let grid = CellGrid::resolve(
         tracks,
         gutter,
+        locator,
         children,
         fill,
         align,
@@ -800,7 +805,7 @@ impl Default for Packed<TableCell> {
 }
 
 impl ResolvableCell for Packed<TableCell> {
-    fn resolve_cell(
+    fn resolve_cell<'a>(
         mut self,
         x: usize,
         y: usize,
@@ -809,8 +814,9 @@ impl ResolvableCell for Packed<TableCell> {
         inset: Sides<Option<Rel<Length>>>,
         stroke: Sides<Option<Option<Arc<Stroke<Abs>>>>>,
         breakable: bool,
+        locator: Locator<'a>,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> Cell {
+    ) -> Cell<'a> {
         let cell = &mut *self;
         let colspan = cell.colspan(styles);
         let rowspan = cell.rowspan(styles);
@@ -862,6 +868,7 @@ impl ResolvableCell for Packed<TableCell> {
         cell.push_breakable(Smart::Custom(breakable));
         Cell {
             body: self.pack(),
+            locator,
             fill,
             colspan,
             rowspan,
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/realize/mod.rs b/crates/typst/src/realize/mod.rs
index a21f8faf..40e9a9b0 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/realize/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/realize/mod.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use crate::engine::{Engine, Route};
 use crate::foundations::{
     Content, NativeElement, Packed, SequenceElem, StyleChain, StyledElem, Styles,
 };
-use crate::introspection::TagElem;
+use crate::introspection::{Locator, SplitLocator, TagElem};
 use crate::layout::{
     AlignElem, BlockElem, BoxElem, ColbreakElem, FlowElem, FlushElem, HElem, InlineElem,
     PageElem, PagebreakElem, Parity, PlaceElem, VElem,
@@ -39,11 +39,12 @@ use crate::text::{LinebreakElem, SmartQuoteElem, SpaceElem, TextElem};
 #[typst_macros::time(name = "realize doc")]
 pub fn realize_doc<'a>(
     engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: Locator,
     arenas: &'a Arenas<'a>,
     content: &'a Content,
     styles: StyleChain<'a>,
 ) -> SourceResult<(Packed<DocumentElem>, StyleChain<'a>)> {
-    let mut builder = Builder::new(engine, arenas, true);
+    let mut builder = Builder::new(engine, locator, arenas, true);
     builder.accept(content, styles)?;
     builder.interrupt_page(Some(styles), true)?;
     Ok(builder.doc.unwrap().finish())
@@ -53,11 +54,12 @@ pub fn realize_doc<'a>(
 #[typst_macros::time(name = "realize flow")]
 pub fn realize_flow<'a>(
     engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: Locator,
     arenas: &'a Arenas<'a>,
     content: &'a Content,
     styles: StyleChain<'a>,
 ) -> SourceResult<(Packed<FlowElem>, StyleChain<'a>)> {
-    let mut builder = Builder::new(engine, arenas, false);
+    let mut builder = Builder::new(engine, locator, arenas, false);
     builder.accept(content, styles)?;
     builder.interrupt_par()?;
     Ok(builder.flow.finish())
@@ -67,6 +69,8 @@ pub fn realize_flow<'a>(
 struct Builder<'a, 'v, 't> {
     /// The engine.
     engine: &'v mut Engine<'t>,
+    /// Assigns unique locations to elements.
+    locator: SplitLocator<'v>,
     /// Scratch arenas for building.
     arenas: &'a Arenas<'a>,
     /// The current document building state.
@@ -82,9 +86,15 @@ struct Builder<'a, 'v, 't> {
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'v, 't> Builder<'a, 'v, 't> {
-    fn new(engine: &'v mut Engine<'t>, arenas: &'a Arenas<'a>, top: bool) -> Self {
+    fn new(
+        engine: &'v mut Engine<'t>,
+        locator: Locator<'v>,
+        arenas: &'a Arenas<'a>,
+        top: bool,
+    ) -> Self {
         Self {
             engine,
+            locator: locator.split(),
             arenas,
             doc: top.then(DocBuilder::default),
             flow: FlowBuilder::default(),
@@ -107,7 +117,8 @@ impl<'a, 'v, 't> Builder<'a, 'v, 't> {
                 .store(EquationElem::new(content.clone()).pack().spanned(content.span()));
         }
 
-        if let Some(realized) = process(self.engine, content, styles)? {
+        if let Some(realized) = process(self.engine, &mut self.locator, content, styles)?
+        {
             self.engine.route.increase();
             if !self.engine.route.within(Route::MAX_SHOW_RULE_DEPTH) {
                 bail!(
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/realize/process.rs b/crates/typst/src/realize/process.rs
index 45d8dc8c..a0ba8fdb 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/realize/process.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/realize/process.rs
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     Content, Context, Packed, Recipe, RecipeIndex, Regex, Selector, Show, ShowSet, Style,
     StyleChain, Styles, Synthesize, Transformation,
 };
-use crate::introspection::{Locatable, TagElem};
+use crate::introspection::{Locatable, SplitLocator, Tag, TagElem};
 use crate::text::TextElem;
-use crate::utils::{hash128, SmallBitSet};
+use crate::utils::SmallBitSet;
 
 /// What to do with an element when encountering it during realization.
 struct Verdict<'a> {
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ enum ShowStep<'a> {
 /// Processes the given `target` element when encountering it during realization.
 pub fn process(
     engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: &mut SplitLocator,
     target: &Content,
     styles: StyleChain,
 ) -> SourceResult<Option<Content>> {
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ pub fn process(
     // prepare it.
     let mut tag = None;
     if !prepared {
-        tag = prepare(engine, &mut target, &mut map, styles)?;
+        tag = prepare(engine, locator, &mut target, &mut map, styles)?;
     }
 
     // Apply a step, if there is one.
@@ -181,6 +182,7 @@ fn verdict<'a>(
 /// This is only executed the first time an element is visited.
 fn prepare(
     engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: &mut SplitLocator,
     target: &mut Content,
     map: &mut Styles,
     styles: StyleChain,
@@ -191,11 +193,14 @@ fn prepare(
     //
     // The element could already have a location even if it is not prepared
     // when it stems from a query.
-    let mut located = target.location().is_some();
-    if !located && (target.can::<dyn Locatable>() || target.label().is_some()) {
-        let location = engine.locator.locate(hash128(&target));
+    let mut key = None;
+    if target.location().is_some() {
+        key = Some(crate::utils::hash128(&target));
+    } else if target.can::<dyn Locatable>() || target.label().is_some() {
+        let hash = crate::utils::hash128(&target);
+        let location = locator.next_location(engine.introspector, hash);
         target.set_location(location);
-        located = true;
+        key = Some(hash);
     }
 
     // Apply built-in show-set rules. User-defined show-set rules are already
@@ -220,7 +225,7 @@ fn prepare(
     // materialization, so that it includes the synthesized fields. Do it before
     // marking as prepared so that show-set rules will apply to this element
     // when queried.
-    let tag = located.then(|| TagElem::packed(target.clone()));
+    let tag = key.map(|key| TagElem::packed(Tag::new(target.clone(), key)));
 
     // Ensure that this preparation only runs once by marking the element as
     // prepared.
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/visualize/image/mod.rs b/crates/typst/src/visualize/image/mod.rs
index 91922d1b..e5916f1d 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/visualize/image/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/visualize/image/mod.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     cast, elem, func, scope, Bytes, Cast, Content, NativeElement, Packed, Show, Smart,
     StyleChain,
 };
+use crate::introspection::Locator;
 use crate::layout::{
     Abs, Axes, BlockElem, FixedAlignment, Frame, FrameItem, Length, Point, Region, Rel,
     Size,
@@ -159,7 +160,8 @@ impl Show for Packed<ImageElem> {
         Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(self.clone(), layout_image)
             .with_width(self.width(styles))
             .with_height(self.height(styles))
-            .pack())
+            .pack()
+            .spanned(self.span()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -174,6 +176,7 @@ impl Figurable for Packed<ImageElem> {}
 fn layout_image(
     elem: &Packed<ImageElem>,
     engine: &mut Engine,
+    _: Locator,
     styles: StyleChain,
     region: Region,
 ) -> SourceResult<Frame> {
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/visualize/line.rs b/crates/typst/src/visualize/line.rs
index 0d5cb4b7..f25fc58d 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/visualize/line.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/visualize/line.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use crate::diag::{bail, SourceResult};
 use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{elem, Content, NativeElement, Packed, Show, StyleChain};
+use crate::introspection::Locator;
 use crate::layout::{
     Abs, Angle, Axes, BlockElem, Frame, FrameItem, Length, Region, Rel, Size,
 };
@@ -60,7 +61,9 @@ pub struct LineElem {
 
 impl Show for Packed<LineElem> {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(self.clone(), layout_line).pack())
+        Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(self.clone(), layout_line)
+            .pack()
+            .spanned(self.span()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -69,6 +72,7 @@ impl Show for Packed<LineElem> {
 fn layout_line(
     elem: &Packed<LineElem>,
     _: &mut Engine,
+    _: Locator,
     styles: StyleChain,
     region: Region,
 ) -> SourceResult<Frame> {
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/visualize/path.rs b/crates/typst/src/visualize/path.rs
index 0005618e..df911426 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/visualize/path.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/visualize/path.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     array, cast, elem, Array, Content, NativeElement, Packed, Reflect, Resolve, Show,
     Smart, StyleChain,
 };
+use crate::introspection::Locator;
 use crate::layout::{
     Abs, Axes, BlockElem, Frame, FrameItem, Length, Point, Region, Rel, Size,
 };
@@ -72,7 +73,9 @@ pub struct PathElem {
 
 impl Show for Packed<PathElem> {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(self.clone(), layout_path).pack())
+        Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(self.clone(), layout_path)
+            .pack()
+            .spanned(self.span()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -81,6 +84,7 @@ impl Show for Packed<PathElem> {
 fn layout_path(
     elem: &Packed<PathElem>,
     _: &mut Engine,
+    _: Locator,
     styles: StyleChain,
     region: Region,
 ) -> SourceResult<Frame> {
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/visualize/pattern.rs b/crates/typst/src/visualize/pattern.rs
index e467d789..804c87df 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/visualize/pattern.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/visualize/pattern.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use ecow::{eco_format, EcoString};
 use crate::diag::{bail, SourceResult};
 use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{func, repr, scope, ty, Content, Smart, StyleChain};
+use crate::introspection::Locator;
 use crate::layout::{Abs, Axes, Frame, Length, Regions, Size};
 use crate::syntax::{Span, Spanned};
 use crate::utils::{LazyHash, Numeric};
@@ -189,9 +190,10 @@ impl Pattern {
         // Layout the pattern.
         let world = engine.world;
         let library = world.library();
+        let locator = Locator::root();
         let styles = StyleChain::new(&library.styles);
         let pod = Regions::one(region, Axes::splat(false));
-        let mut frame = body.layout(engine, styles, pod)?.into_frame();
+        let mut frame = body.layout(engine, locator, styles, pod)?.into_frame();
 
         // Set the size of the frame if the size is enforced.
         if let Smart::Custom(size) = size {
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/visualize/polygon.rs b/crates/typst/src/visualize/polygon.rs
index 305f3cb1..120f41fc 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/visualize/polygon.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/visualize/polygon.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{
     elem, func, scope, Content, NativeElement, Packed, Resolve, Show, Smart, StyleChain,
 };
+use crate::introspection::Locator;
 use crate::layout::{Axes, BlockElem, Em, Frame, FrameItem, Length, Point, Region, Rel};
 use crate::syntax::Span;
 use crate::utils::Numeric;
@@ -125,7 +126,9 @@ impl PolygonElem {
 
 impl Show for Packed<PolygonElem> {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(self.clone(), layout_polygon).pack())
+        Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(self.clone(), layout_polygon)
+            .pack()
+            .spanned(self.span()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -134,6 +137,7 @@ impl Show for Packed<PolygonElem> {
 fn layout_polygon(
     elem: &Packed<PolygonElem>,
     _: &mut Engine,
+    _: Locator,
     styles: StyleChain,
     region: Region,
 ) -> SourceResult<Frame> {
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/visualize/shape.rs b/crates/typst/src/visualize/shape.rs
index 7404763e..8564e1dd 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/visualize/shape.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/visualize/shape.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use std::f64::consts::SQRT_2;
 use crate::diag::SourceResult;
 use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{elem, Content, NativeElement, Packed, Show, Smart, StyleChain};
+use crate::introspection::Locator;
 use crate::layout::{
     Abs, Axes, BlockElem, Corner, Corners, Frame, FrameItem, Length, Point, Ratio,
     Region, Regions, Rel, Sides, Size,
@@ -134,24 +135,29 @@ pub struct RectElem {
 
 impl Show for Packed<RectElem> {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(self.clone(), |elem, engine, styles, region| {
-            layout_shape(
-                engine,
-                styles,
-                region,
-                ShapeKind::Rect,
-                elem.body(styles),
-                elem.fill(styles),
-                elem.stroke(styles),
-                elem.inset(styles),
-                elem.outset(styles),
-                elem.radius(styles),
-                elem.span(),
-            )
-        })
+        Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(
+            self.clone(),
+            |elem, engine, locator, styles, region| {
+                layout_shape(
+                    engine,
+                    locator,
+                    styles,
+                    region,
+                    ShapeKind::Rect,
+                    elem.body(styles),
+                    elem.fill(styles),
+                    elem.stroke(styles),
+                    elem.inset(styles),
+                    elem.outset(styles),
+                    elem.radius(styles),
+                    elem.span(),
+                )
+            },
+        )
         .with_width(self.width(styles))
         .with_height(self.height(styles))
-        .pack())
+        .pack()
+        .spanned(self.span()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -239,24 +245,29 @@ pub struct SquareElem {
 
 impl Show for Packed<SquareElem> {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(self.clone(), |elem, engine, styles, regions| {
-            layout_shape(
-                engine,
-                styles,
-                regions,
-                ShapeKind::Square,
-                elem.body(styles),
-                elem.fill(styles),
-                elem.stroke(styles),
-                elem.inset(styles),
-                elem.outset(styles),
-                elem.radius(styles),
-                elem.span(),
-            )
-        })
+        Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(
+            self.clone(),
+            |elem, engine, locator, styles, regions| {
+                layout_shape(
+                    engine,
+                    locator,
+                    styles,
+                    regions,
+                    ShapeKind::Square,
+                    elem.body(styles),
+                    elem.fill(styles),
+                    elem.stroke(styles),
+                    elem.inset(styles),
+                    elem.outset(styles),
+                    elem.radius(styles),
+                    elem.span(),
+                )
+            },
+        )
         .with_width(self.width(styles))
         .with_height(self.height(styles))
-        .pack())
+        .pack()
+        .spanned(self.span()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -316,24 +327,29 @@ pub struct EllipseElem {
 
 impl Show for Packed<EllipseElem> {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(self.clone(), |elem, engine, styles, regions| {
-            layout_shape(
-                engine,
-                styles,
-                regions,
-                ShapeKind::Ellipse,
-                elem.body(styles),
-                elem.fill(styles),
-                elem.stroke(styles).map(|s| Sides::splat(Some(s))),
-                elem.inset(styles),
-                elem.outset(styles),
-                Corners::splat(None),
-                elem.span(),
-            )
-        })
+        Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(
+            self.clone(),
+            |elem, engine, locator, styles, regions| {
+                layout_shape(
+                    engine,
+                    locator,
+                    styles,
+                    regions,
+                    ShapeKind::Ellipse,
+                    elem.body(styles),
+                    elem.fill(styles),
+                    elem.stroke(styles).map(|s| Sides::splat(Some(s))),
+                    elem.inset(styles),
+                    elem.outset(styles),
+                    Corners::splat(None),
+                    elem.span(),
+                )
+            },
+        )
         .with_width(self.width(styles))
         .with_height(self.height(styles))
-        .pack())
+        .pack()
+        .spanned(self.span()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -418,24 +434,29 @@ pub struct CircleElem {
 
 impl Show for Packed<CircleElem> {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(self.clone(), |elem, engine, styles, regions| {
-            layout_shape(
-                engine,
-                styles,
-                regions,
-                ShapeKind::Circle,
-                elem.body(styles),
-                elem.fill(styles),
-                elem.stroke(styles).map(|s| Sides::splat(Some(s))),
-                elem.inset(styles),
-                elem.outset(styles),
-                Corners::splat(None),
-                elem.span(),
-            )
-        })
+        Ok(BlockElem::single_layouter(
+            self.clone(),
+            |elem, engine, locator, styles, regions| {
+                layout_shape(
+                    engine,
+                    locator,
+                    styles,
+                    regions,
+                    ShapeKind::Circle,
+                    elem.body(styles),
+                    elem.fill(styles),
+                    elem.stroke(styles).map(|s| Sides::splat(Some(s))),
+                    elem.inset(styles),
+                    elem.outset(styles),
+                    Corners::splat(None),
+                    elem.span(),
+                )
+            },
+        )
         .with_width(self.width(styles))
         .with_height(self.height(styles))
-        .pack())
+        .pack()
+        .spanned(self.span()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -444,6 +465,7 @@ impl Show for Packed<CircleElem> {
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 fn layout_shape(
     engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: Locator,
     styles: StyleChain,
     region: Region,
     kind: ShapeKind,
@@ -471,14 +493,16 @@ fn layout_shape(
         }
 
         // Layout the child.
-        frame = child.layout(engine, styles, pod.into_regions())?.into_frame();
+        frame = child
+            .layout(engine, locator.relayout(), styles, pod.into_regions())?
+            .into_frame();
 
         // If the child is a square or circle, relayout with full expansion into
         // square region to make sure the result is really quadratic.
         if kind.is_quadratic() {
             let length = frame.size().max_by_side().min(pod.size.min_by_side());
             let quad_pod = Regions::one(Size::splat(length), Axes::splat(true));
-            frame = child.layout(engine, styles, quad_pod)?.into_frame();
+            frame = child.layout(engine, locator, styles, quad_pod)?.into_frame();
         }
 
         // Apply the inset.
diff --git a/tests/ref/issue-2480-counter-reset-2.png b/tests/ref/issue-2480-counter-reset-2.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26b8502c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ref/issue-2480-counter-reset-2.png
diff --git a/tests/ref/issue-2480-counter-reset.png b/tests/ref/issue-2480-counter-reset.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5dd52b52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ref/issue-2480-counter-reset.png
diff --git a/tests/ref/measure-citation-deeply-nested.png b/tests/ref/measure-citation-deeply-nested.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4027fd76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ref/measure-citation-deeply-nested.png
diff --git a/tests/ref/measure-citation-in-flow.png b/tests/ref/measure-citation-in-flow.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14834e76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ref/measure-citation-in-flow.png
diff --git a/tests/ref/measure-counter-multiple-times.png b/tests/ref/measure-counter-multiple-times.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f1d1bc06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ref/measure-counter-multiple-times.png
diff --git a/tests/ref/measure-counter-width.png b/tests/ref/measure-counter-width.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a92f816
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ref/measure-counter-width.png
diff --git a/tests/ref/table-contextual-measurement.png b/tests/ref/table-contextual-measurement.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a97cbbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ref/table-contextual-measurement.png
diff --git a/tests/ref/table-header-citation.png b/tests/ref/table-header-citation.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0495d5af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ref/table-header-citation.png
diff --git a/tests/ref/table-header-counter.png b/tests/ref/table-header-counter.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04a8e92d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ref/table-header-counter.png
diff --git a/tests/ref/table-header-footer-madness.png b/tests/ref/table-header-footer-madness.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e4f771e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ref/table-header-footer-madness.png
diff --git a/tests/suite/introspection/counter.typ b/tests/suite/introspection/counter.typ
index 8a5315f9..c0b17921 100644
--- a/tests/suite/introspection/counter.typ
+++ b/tests/suite/introspection/counter.typ
@@ -76,3 +76,31 @@ At Beta, it was #context {
 // Hint: 2-28 try wrapping this in a `context` expression
 // Hint: 2-28 the `context` expression should wrap everything that depends on this function
 #counter("key").at(<label>)
+
+--- issue-2480-counter-reset ---
+#let q = counter("question")
+#let step-show =  q.step() + q.display("1")
+#let g = grid(step-show, step-show, gutter: 2pt)
+
+#g
+#pagebreak()
+#step-show
+#q.update(10)
+#g
+
+--- issue-2480-counter-reset-2 ---
+#set block(spacing: 3pt)
+#let c = counter("c")
+#let foo() = context {
+  c.step()
+  c.display("1")
+  str(c.get().first())
+}
+
+#foo()
+#block(foo())
+#foo()
+#foo()
+#block(foo())
+#block(foo())
+#foo()
diff --git a/tests/suite/layout/measure.typ b/tests/suite/layout/measure.typ
index 10c3c818..71a6b32a 100644
--- a/tests/suite/layout/measure.typ
+++ b/tests/suite/layout/measure.typ
@@ -20,3 +20,75 @@
   assert(d2.width < 400pt)
   assert(d2.height > 50pt)
 }
+
+--- measure-counter-width ---
+// Measure a counter. Tests that the introspector-assisted location assignment
+// is able to take `here()` from the context into account to find the closest
+// matching element instaed of any single one. Crucially, we need to reuse
+// the same `context c.display()` to get the same span, hence `it`.
+#let f(it) = context [
+  Is #measure(it).width wide: #it \
+]
+
+#let c = counter("c")
+#let it = context c.display()
+
+#c.update(10000)
+#f(it)
+#c.update(100)
+#f(it)
+#c.update(1)
+#f(it)
+
+--- measure-citation-in-flow ---
+// Try measuring a citation that appears inline with other stuff. The
+// introspection-assisted location assignment will ensure that the citation
+// in the measurement is matched up with the real one.
+#context {
+  let it = [@netwok]
+  let size = measure(it)
+  place(line(length: size.width))
+  v(1mm)
+  it + [ is cited]
+}
+
+#show bibliography: none
+#bibliography("/assets/bib/works.bib")
+
+--- measure-citation-in-flow-different-span ---
+// When the citation has a different span, it stops working.
+#context {
+  // Error: 22-29 cannot format citation in isolation
+  // Hint: 22-29 check whether this citation is measured without being inserted into the document
+  let size = measure[@netwok]
+  place(line(length: size.width))
+  v(1mm)
+  [@netwok is cited]
+}
+
+#show bibliography: none
+#bibliography("/assets/bib/works.bib")
+
+--- measure-citation-deeply-nested ---
+// Nested the citation deeply to test that introspector-assisted measurement
+// is able to deal with memoization boundaries.
+#context {
+  let it = box(pad(x: 5pt, grid(stack[@netwok])))
+  [#measure(it).width]
+  it
+}
+
+#show bibliography: none
+#bibliography("/assets/bib/works.bib")
+
+--- measure-counter-multiple-times ---
+// When the thing we measure appears multiple times, we measure as if it was
+// the first one.
+#context {
+  let c = counter("c")
+  let u(n) = c.update(n)
+  let it = context c.get().first() * h(1pt)
+  let size = measure(it)
+  table(columns: 5, u(17), it, u(1), it, u(5))
+  [#size.width] // 17pt
+}
diff --git a/tests/suite/layout/table.typ b/tests/suite/layout/table.typ
index 4090ef95..fe138f60 100644
--- a/tests/suite/layout/table.typ
+++ b/tests/suite/layout/table.typ
@@ -139,6 +139,55 @@
   [G], [H]
 )
 
+--- table-contextual-measurement ---
+// Test that table cells with varying contextual results are properly
+// measured.
+#let c = counter("c")
+#let k = context square(width: c.get().first() * 5pt)
+#let u(n) = [#n] + c.update(n)
+#table(
+  columns: 3,
+  u(1), k, u(2),
+  k, u(4), k,
+  k, k, k,
+)
+
+--- table-header-citation ---
+#set page(height: 60pt)
+#table(
+  table.header[@netwok],
+  [A],
+  [A],
+)
+
+#show bibliography: none
+#bibliography("/assets/bib/works.bib")
+
+--- table-header-counter ---
+#set page(height: 60pt)
+#let c = counter("c")
+#table(
+  table.header(c.step() + context c.display()),
+  [A],
+  [A],
+)
+
+--- table-header-footer-madness ---
+#set page(height: 100pt)
+#let c = counter("c")
+#let it = context c.get().first() * v(10pt)
+#table(
+  table.header(c.step()),
+  [A],
+  [A],
+  [A],
+  [A],
+  [A],
+  [A],
+  [A],
+  table.footer(it),
+)
+
 --- table-cell-override ---
 // Cell override
 #table(