Content rework 2 - Electric Boogaloo (#2504)

56 files changed, 493 insertions, 402 deletions

diff --git a/crates/typst-library/Cargo.toml b/crates/typst-library/Cargo.toml
index b348596b..f4fce351 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/typst-library/Cargo.toml
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ roxmltree = "0.18"
 rustybuzz = "0.10"
 serde_json = "1"
 serde_yaml = "0.9"
-smallvec = "1.10"
+smallvec = { version = "1.11.1", features = ["union", "const_generics", "const_new"] }
 syntect = { version = "5", default-features = false, features = ["parsing", "regex-fancy", "plist-load", "yaml-load"] }
 time = { version = "0.3.20", features = ["formatting"] }
 toml = { version = "0.8" }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/compute/data.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/compute/data.rs
index dadf0bed..e4767ebf 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/compute/data.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/compute/data.rs
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ pub enum Encoding {
 }
 
 /// A value that can be read from a file.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum Readable {
     /// A decoded string.
     Str(Str),
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/align.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/align.rs
index f080f677..9c18266d 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/align.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/align.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,9 @@ pub struct AlignElem {
 impl Show for AlignElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "AlignElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(self.body().styled(Self::set_alignment(self.alignment(styles))))
+        Ok(self
+            .body()
+            .clone()
+            .styled(Self::set_alignment(self.alignment(styles))))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/enum.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/enum.rs
index 436aacb9..8c491dca 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/enum.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/enum.rs
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ pub struct EnumElem {
     /// + Numbering!
     /// ```
     #[default(Numbering::Pattern(NumberingPattern::from_str("1.").unwrap()))]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub numbering: Numbering,
 
     /// Which number to start the enumeration with.
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ impl Layout for EnumElem {
             ParElem::leading_in(styles).into()
         } else {
             self.spacing(styles)
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| BlockElem::below_in(styles).amount())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| *BlockElem::below_in(styles).amount())
         };
 
         let mut cells = vec![];
@@ -238,7 +239,7 @@ impl Layout for EnumElem {
                 parents.pop();
                 content
             } else {
-                match &numbering {
+                match numbering {
                     Numbering::Pattern(pattern) => {
                         TextElem::packed(pattern.apply_kth(parents.len(), number))
                     }
@@ -254,7 +255,7 @@ impl Layout for EnumElem {
             cells.push(Content::empty());
             cells.push(resolved);
             cells.push(Content::empty());
-            cells.push(item.body().styled(Self::set_parents(Parent(number))));
+            cells.push(item.body().clone().styled(Self::set_parents(Parent(number))));
             number = number.saturating_add(1);
         }
 
@@ -301,6 +302,7 @@ cast! {
     v: Content => v.to::<Self>().cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| Self::new(v.clone())),
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Hash)]
 struct Parent(usize);
 
 cast! {
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/flow.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/flow.rs
index 1feee4b8..5c795c81 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/flow.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/flow.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 use std::mem;
 
+use comemo::Prehashed;
+
 use super::{
     AlignElem, BlockElem, ColbreakElem, ColumnsElem, ParElem, PlaceElem, Spacing, VElem,
 };
@@ -18,7 +20,7 @@ use crate::visualize::{
 pub struct FlowElem {
     /// The children that will be arranges into a flow.
     #[variadic]
-    pub children: Vec<Content>,
+    pub children: Vec<Prehashed<Content>>,
 }
 
 impl Layout for FlowElem {
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ impl Layout for FlowElem {
         }
         let mut layouter = FlowLayouter::new(regions, styles);
 
-        for mut child in &self.children() {
+        for mut child in self.children().iter().map(|c| &**c) {
             let outer = styles;
             let mut styles = styles;
             if let Some((elem, map)) = child.to_styled() {
@@ -199,7 +201,7 @@ impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
                     rel.resolve(styles).relative_to(self.initial.y),
                     v.weakness(styles) > 0,
                 ),
-                Spacing::Fr(fr) => FlowItem::Fractional(fr),
+                Spacing::Fr(fr) => FlowItem::Fractional(*fr),
             },
         )
     }
@@ -701,7 +703,7 @@ fn find_footnotes(notes: &mut Vec<FootnoteElem>, frame: &Frame) {
         match item {
             FrameItem::Group(group) => find_footnotes(notes, &group.frame),
             FrameItem::Meta(Meta::Elem(content), _)
-                if !notes.iter().any(|note| note.0.location() == content.location()) =>
+                if !notes.iter().any(|note| note.location() == content.location()) =>
             {
                 let Some(footnote) = content.to::<FootnoteElem>() else { continue };
                 notes.push(footnote.clone());
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/grid.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/grid.rs
index 8d015782..b29adeb9 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/grid.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/grid.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use smallvec::{smallvec, SmallVec};
+
 use crate::prelude::*;
 use crate::text::TextElem;
 
@@ -66,12 +68,14 @@ pub struct GridElem {
     /// with that many `{auto}`-sized columns. Note that opposed to rows and
     /// gutters, providing a single track size will only ever create a single
     /// column.
+    #[borrowed]
     pub columns: TrackSizings,
 
     /// The row sizes.
     ///
     /// If there are more cells than fit the defined rows, the last row is
     /// repeated until there are no more cells.
+    #[borrowed]
     pub rows: TrackSizings,
 
     /// The gaps between rows & columns.
@@ -85,10 +89,12 @@ pub struct GridElem {
         let gutter = args.named("gutter")?;
         args.named("column-gutter")?.or_else(|| gutter.clone())
     )]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub column_gutter: TrackSizings,
 
     /// The gaps between rows. Takes precedence over `gutter`.
     #[parse(args.named("row-gutter")?.or_else(|| gutter.clone()))]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub row_gutter: TrackSizings,
 
     /// The contents of the grid cells.
@@ -106,12 +112,16 @@ impl Layout for GridElem {
         styles: StyleChain,
         regions: Regions,
     ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
+        let columns = self.columns(styles);
+        let rows = self.rows(styles);
+        let column_gutter = self.column_gutter(styles);
+        let row_gutter = self.row_gutter(styles);
+
         // Prepare grid layout by unifying content and gutter tracks.
-        let cells = self.children();
         let layouter = GridLayouter::new(
-            Axes::new(&self.columns(styles).0, &self.rows(styles).0),
-            Axes::new(&self.column_gutter(styles).0, &self.row_gutter(styles).0),
-            &cells,
+            Axes::new(&columns.0, &rows.0),
+            Axes::new(&column_gutter.0, &row_gutter.0),
+            &self.children,
             regions,
             styles,
             self.span(),
@@ -124,13 +134,13 @@ impl Layout for GridElem {
 
 /// Track sizing definitions.
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-pub struct TrackSizings(pub Vec<Sizing>);
+pub struct TrackSizings(pub SmallVec<[Sizing; 4]>);
 
 cast! {
     TrackSizings,
     self => self.0.into_value(),
-    sizing: Sizing => Self(vec![sizing]),
-    count: NonZeroUsize => Self(vec![Sizing::Auto; count.get()]),
+    sizing: Sizing => Self(smallvec![sizing]),
+    count: NonZeroUsize => Self(smallvec![Sizing::Auto; count.get()]),
     values: Array => Self(values.into_iter().map(Value::cast).collect::<StrResult<_>>()?),
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/hide.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/hide.rs
index 7f17a7d7..af3d0631 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/hide.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/hide.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use smallvec::smallvec;
+
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 /// Hides content without affecting layout.
@@ -22,6 +24,6 @@ pub struct HideElem {
 impl Show for HideElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "HideElem::show", skip(self))]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(self.body().styled(MetaElem::set_data(vec![Meta::Hide])))
+        Ok(self.body().clone().styled(MetaElem::set_data(smallvec![Meta::Hide])))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/list.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/list.rs
index 34e0e6fb..18c89a24 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/list.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/list.rs
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ pub struct ListElem {
     ///   - Items
     /// - Items
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     #[default(ListMarker::Content(vec![TextElem::packed('•')]))]
     pub marker: ListMarker,
 
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ impl Layout for ListElem {
             ParElem::leading_in(styles).into()
         } else {
             self.spacing(styles)
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| BlockElem::below_in(styles).amount())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| *BlockElem::below_in(styles).amount())
         };
 
         let depth = self.depth(styles);
@@ -148,7 +149,7 @@ impl Layout for ListElem {
             cells.push(Content::empty());
             cells.push(marker.clone());
             cells.push(Content::empty());
-            cells.push(item.body().styled(Self::set_depth(Depth)));
+            cells.push(item.body().clone().styled(Self::set_depth(Depth)));
         }
 
         let layouter = GridLayouter::new(
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ cast! {
 }
 
 /// A list's marker.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum ListMarker {
     Content(Vec<Content>),
     Func(Func),
@@ -221,6 +222,7 @@ cast! {
     v: Func => Self::Func(v),
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Hash)]
 struct Depth;
 
 cast! {
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/mod.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/mod.rs
index 1c7c2610..d31f6841 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/mod.rs
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ pub use self::table::*;
 pub use self::terms::*;
 pub use self::transform::*;
 
+use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::mem;
 
 use typed_arena::Arena;
@@ -242,16 +243,16 @@ fn realize_root<'a>(
     scratch: &'a Scratch<'a>,
     content: &'a Content,
     styles: StyleChain<'a>,
-) -> SourceResult<(Content, StyleChain<'a>)> {
+) -> SourceResult<(Cow<'a, Content>, StyleChain<'a>)> {
     if content.can::<dyn LayoutRoot>() && !applicable(content, styles) {
-        return Ok((content.clone(), styles));
+        return Ok((Cow::Borrowed(content), styles));
     }
 
     let mut builder = Builder::new(vt, scratch, true);
     builder.accept(content, styles)?;
     builder.interrupt_page(Some(styles), true)?;
     let (pages, shared) = builder.doc.unwrap().pages.finish();
-    Ok((DocumentElem::new(pages.to_vec()).pack(), shared))
+    Ok((Cow::Owned(DocumentElem::new(pages.to_vec()).pack()), shared))
 }
 
 /// Realize into an element that is capable of block-level layout.
@@ -261,7 +262,7 @@ fn realize_block<'a>(
     scratch: &'a Scratch<'a>,
     content: &'a Content,
     styles: StyleChain<'a>,
-) -> SourceResult<(Content, StyleChain<'a>)> {
+) -> SourceResult<(Cow<'a, Content>, StyleChain<'a>)> {
     // These elements implement `Layout` but still require a flow for
     // proper layout.
     if content.can::<dyn Layout>()
@@ -277,14 +278,14 @@ fn realize_block<'a>(
         && !content.is::<PlaceElem>()
         && !applicable(content, styles)
     {
-        return Ok((content.clone(), styles));
+        return Ok((Cow::Borrowed(content), styles));
     }
 
     let mut builder = Builder::new(vt, scratch, false);
     builder.accept(content, styles)?;
     builder.interrupt_par()?;
     let (children, shared) = builder.flow.0.finish();
-    Ok((FlowElem::new(children.to_vec()).pack(), shared))
+    Ok((Cow::Owned(FlowElem::new(children.to_vec()).pack()), shared))
 }
 
 /// Builds a document or a flow element from content.
@@ -509,7 +510,7 @@ impl<'a, 'v, 't> Builder<'a, 'v, 't> {
 /// Accepts pagebreaks and pages.
 struct DocBuilder<'a> {
     /// The page runs built so far.
-    pages: StyleVecBuilder<'a, Content>,
+    pages: StyleVecBuilder<'a, Cow<'a, Content>>,
     /// Whether to keep a following page even if it is empty.
     keep_next: bool,
     /// Whether the next page should be cleared to an even or odd number.
@@ -517,7 +518,7 @@ struct DocBuilder<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> DocBuilder<'a> {
-    fn accept(&mut self, content: &Content, styles: StyleChain<'a>) -> bool {
+    fn accept(&mut self, content: &'a Content, styles: StyleChain<'a>) -> bool {
         if let Some(pagebreak) = content.to::<PagebreakElem>() {
             self.keep_next = !pagebreak.weak(styles);
             self.clear_next = pagebreak.to(styles);
@@ -528,9 +529,9 @@ impl<'a> DocBuilder<'a> {
             let elem = if let Some(clear_to) = self.clear_next.take() {
                 let mut page = page.clone();
                 page.push_clear_to(Some(clear_to));
-                page.pack()
+                Cow::Owned(page.pack())
             } else {
-                content.clone()
+                Cow::Borrowed(content)
             };
 
             self.pages.push(elem, styles);
@@ -571,7 +572,7 @@ impl<'a> FlowBuilder<'a> {
             || content.is::<MetaElem>()
             || content.is::<PlaceElem>()
         {
-            self.0.push(content.clone(), styles);
+            self.0.push(Cow::Borrowed(content), styles);
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -589,7 +590,7 @@ impl<'a> FlowBuilder<'a> {
             if !last_was_parbreak && is_tight_list {
                 let leading = ParElem::leading_in(styles);
                 let spacing = VElem::list_attach(leading.into());
-                self.0.push(spacing.pack(), styles);
+                self.0.push(Cow::Owned(spacing.pack()), styles);
             }
 
             let (above, below) = if let Some(block) = content.to::<BlockElem>() {
@@ -598,9 +599,9 @@ impl<'a> FlowBuilder<'a> {
                 (BlockElem::above_in(styles), BlockElem::below_in(styles))
             };
 
-            self.0.push(above.pack(), styles);
-            self.0.push(content.clone(), styles);
-            self.0.push(below.pack(), styles);
+            self.0.push(Cow::Owned(above.pack()), styles);
+            self.0.push(Cow::Borrowed(content), styles);
+            self.0.push(Cow::Owned(below.pack()), styles);
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -616,7 +617,7 @@ impl<'a> ParBuilder<'a> {
     fn accept(&mut self, content: &'a Content, styles: StyleChain<'a>) -> bool {
         if content.is::<MetaElem>() {
             if self.0.has_strong_elements(false) {
-                self.0.push(content.clone(), styles);
+                self.0.push(Cow::Borrowed(content), styles);
                 return true;
             }
         } else if content.is::<SpaceElem>()
@@ -627,7 +628,7 @@ impl<'a> ParBuilder<'a> {
             || content.to::<EquationElem>().map_or(false, |elem| !elem.block(styles))
             || content.is::<BoxElem>()
         {
-            self.0.push(content.clone(), styles);
+            self.0.push(Cow::Borrowed(content), styles);
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -643,7 +644,7 @@ impl<'a> ParBuilder<'a> {
 /// Accepts list / enum items, spaces, paragraph breaks.
 struct ListBuilder<'a> {
     /// The list items collected so far.
-    items: StyleVecBuilder<'a, Content>,
+    items: StyleVecBuilder<'a, Cow<'a, Content>>,
     /// Whether the list contains no paragraph breaks.
     tight: bool,
     /// Trailing content for which it is unclear whether it is part of the list.
@@ -668,7 +669,7 @@ impl<'a> ListBuilder<'a> {
                 .next()
                 .map_or(true, |first| first.func() == content.func())
         {
-            self.items.push(content.clone(), styles);
+            self.items.push(Cow::Borrowed(content), styles);
             self.tight &= self.staged.drain(..).all(|(t, _)| !t.is::<ParbreakElem>());
             return true;
         }
@@ -685,7 +686,8 @@ impl<'a> ListBuilder<'a> {
                     .iter()
                     .map(|(item, local)| {
                         let item = item.to::<ListItem>().unwrap();
-                        item.clone().with_body(item.body().styled_with_map(local.clone()))
+                        item.clone()
+                            .with_body(item.body().clone().styled_with_map(local.clone()))
                     })
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             )
@@ -697,7 +699,8 @@ impl<'a> ListBuilder<'a> {
                     .iter()
                     .map(|(item, local)| {
                         let item = item.to::<EnumItem>().unwrap();
-                        item.clone().with_body(item.body().styled_with_map(local.clone()))
+                        item.clone()
+                            .with_body(item.body().clone().styled_with_map(local.clone()))
                     })
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             )
@@ -710,9 +713,9 @@ impl<'a> ListBuilder<'a> {
                     .map(|(item, local)| {
                         let item = item.to::<TermItem>().unwrap();
                         item.clone()
-                            .with_term(item.term().styled_with_map(local.clone()))
+                            .with_term(item.term().clone().styled_with_map(local.clone()))
                             .with_description(
-                                item.description().styled_with_map(local.clone()),
+                                item.description().clone().styled_with_map(local.clone()),
                             )
                     })
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/page.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/page.rs
index 495b390d..5f8f90c1 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/page.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/page.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::ptr;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
@@ -172,6 +173,7 @@ pub struct PageElem {
     /// #set text(fill: rgb("fdfdfd"))
     /// *Dark mode enabled.*
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub fill: Option<Paint>,
 
     /// How to [number]($numbering) the pages.
@@ -188,6 +190,7 @@ pub struct PageElem {
     ///
     /// #lorem(48)
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub numbering: Option<Numbering>,
 
     /// The alignment of the page numbering.
@@ -233,6 +236,7 @@ pub struct PageElem {
     ///
     /// #lorem(19)
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub header: Option<Content>,
 
     /// The amount the header is raised into the top margin.
@@ -263,6 +267,7 @@ pub struct PageElem {
     ///
     /// #lorem(48)
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub footer: Option<Content>,
 
     /// The amount the footer is lowered into the bottom margin.
@@ -286,6 +291,7 @@ pub struct PageElem {
     /// In the year 2023, we plan to take
     /// over the world (of typesetting).
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub background: Option<Content>,
 
     /// Content in the page's foreground.
@@ -299,6 +305,7 @@ pub struct PageElem {
     /// "Weak Reject" because they did
     /// not understand our approach...
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub foreground: Option<Content>,
 
     /// The contents of the page(s).
@@ -364,7 +371,7 @@ impl PageElem {
                 });
 
         // Realize columns.
-        let mut child = self.body();
+        let mut child = self.body().clone();
         let columns = self.columns(styles);
         if columns.get() > 1 {
             child = ColumnsElem::new(child).with_count(columns).pack();
@@ -388,25 +395,25 @@ impl PageElem {
         }
 
         let fill = self.fill(styles);
-        let foreground = self.foreground(styles);
-        let background = self.background(styles);
+        let foreground = Cow::Borrowed(self.foreground(styles));
+        let background = Cow::Borrowed(self.background(styles));
         let header_ascent = self.header_ascent(styles);
         let footer_descent = self.footer_descent(styles);
         let numbering = self.numbering(styles);
         let numbering_meta = Meta::PageNumbering(numbering.clone().into_value());
         let number_align = self.number_align(styles);
-        let mut header = self.header(styles);
-        let mut footer = self.footer(styles);
+        let mut header = Cow::Borrowed(self.header(styles));
+        let mut footer = Cow::Borrowed(self.footer(styles));
 
         // Construct the numbering (for header or footer).
-        let numbering_marginal = numbering.clone().map(|numbering| {
-            let both = match &numbering {
+        let numbering_marginal = Cow::Owned(numbering.as_ref().map(|numbering| {
+            let both = match numbering {
                 Numbering::Pattern(pattern) => pattern.pieces() >= 2,
                 Numbering::Func(_) => true,
             };
 
             let mut counter =
-                Counter::new(CounterKey::Page).display(Some(numbering), both);
+                Counter::new(CounterKey::Page).display(Some(numbering.clone()), both);
 
             // We interpret the Y alignment as selecting header or footer
             // and then ignore it for aligning the actual number.
@@ -415,12 +422,12 @@ impl PageElem {
             }
 
             counter
-        });
+        }));
 
         if matches!(number_align.y(), Some(VAlign::Top)) {
-            header = header.or(numbering_marginal);
+            header = if header.is_some() { header } else { numbering_marginal };
         } else {
-            footer = footer.or(numbering_marginal);
+            footer = if footer.is_some() { footer } else { numbering_marginal };
         }
 
         // Post-process pages.
@@ -455,7 +462,7 @@ impl PageElem {
             ] {
                 tracing::info!("Layouting {name}");
 
-                let Some(content) = marginal else { continue };
+                let Some(content) = &**marginal else { continue };
 
                 let (pos, area, align);
                 if ptr::eq(marginal, &header) {
@@ -488,14 +495,14 @@ impl PageElem {
                 }
             }
 
-            if let Some(fill) = &fill {
+            if let Some(fill) = fill {
                 frame.fill(fill.clone());
             }
 
             page_counter.visit(vt, frame)?;
 
             // Add a PDF page label if there is a numbering.
-            if let Some(num) = &numbering {
+            if let Some(num) = numbering {
                 if let Some(page_label) = num.apply_pdf(page_counter.logical()) {
                     frame.push_positionless_meta(Meta::PdfPageLabel(page_label));
                 }
@@ -657,10 +664,10 @@ pub enum Marginal {
 
 impl Marginal {
     /// Resolve the marginal based on the page number.
-    pub fn resolve(&self, vt: &mut Vt, page: usize) -> SourceResult<Content> {
+    pub fn resolve(&self, vt: &mut Vt, page: usize) -> SourceResult<Cow<'_, Content>> {
         Ok(match self {
-            Self::Content(content) => content.clone(),
-            Self::Func(func) => func.call_vt(vt, [page])?.display(),
+            Self::Content(content) => Cow::Borrowed(content),
+            Self::Func(func) => Cow::Owned(func.call_vt(vt, [page])?.display()),
         })
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/par.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/par.rs
index 10f78ef2..b3d5fb3e 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/par.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/par.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use comemo::Prehashed;
 use typst::eval::Tracer;
 use typst::model::DelayedErrors;
 use unicode_bidi::{BidiInfo, Level as BidiLevel};
@@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ pub struct ParElem {
     /// The paragraph's children.
     #[internal]
     #[variadic]
-    pub children: Vec<Content>,
+    pub children: Vec<Prehashed<Content>>,
 }
 
 impl Construct for ParElem {
@@ -158,12 +159,12 @@ impl ParElem {
             let children = par.children();
 
             // Collect all text into one string for BiDi analysis.
-            let (text, segments, spans) = collect(&children, &styles, consecutive)?;
+            let (text, segments, spans) = collect(children, &styles, consecutive)?;
 
             // Perform BiDi analysis and then prepare paragraph layout by building a
             // representation on which we can do line breaking without layouting
             // each and every line from scratch.
-            let p = prepare(&mut vt, &children, &text, segments, spans, styles, region)?;
+            let p = prepare(&mut vt, children, &text, segments, spans, styles, region)?;
 
             // Break the paragraph into lines.
             let lines = linebreak(&vt, &p, region.x - p.hang);
@@ -246,8 +247,6 @@ pub(crate) struct Preparation<'a> {
     pub items: Vec<Item<'a>>,
     /// The span mapper.
     pub spans: SpanMapper,
-    /// The styles shared by all children.
-    pub styles: StyleChain<'a>,
     /// Whether to hyphenate if it's the same for all children.
     pub hyphenate: Option<bool>,
     /// The text language if it's the same for all children.
@@ -258,8 +257,16 @@ pub(crate) struct Preparation<'a> {
     pub justify: bool,
     /// The paragraph's hanging indent.
     pub hang: Abs,
-    /// The CJK-latin spacing.
+    /// Whether to add spacing between CJK and Latin characters.
     pub cjk_latin_spacing: bool,
+    /// Whether font fallback is enabled for this paragraph.
+    pub fallback: bool,
+    /// The leading of the paragraph.
+    pub leading: Abs,
+    /// How to determine line breaks.
+    pub linebreaks: Smart<Linebreaks>,
+    /// The text size.
+    pub size: Abs,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Preparation<'a> {
@@ -525,15 +532,15 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
 /// string-level preprocessing like case transformations.
 #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
 fn collect<'a>(
-    children: &'a [Content],
+    children: &'a [Prehashed<Content>],
     styles: &'a StyleChain<'a>,
     consecutive: bool,
 ) -> SourceResult<(String, Vec<(Segment<'a>, StyleChain<'a>)>, SpanMapper)> {
     let mut full = String::new();
     let mut quoter = Quoter::new();
-    let mut segments = vec![];
+    let mut segments = Vec::with_capacity(2 + children.len());
     let mut spans = SpanMapper::new();
-    let mut iter = children.iter().peekable();
+    let mut iter = children.iter().map(|c| &**c).peekable();
 
     let first_line_indent = ParElem::first_line_indent_in(*styles);
     if !first_line_indent.is_zero()
@@ -565,9 +572,9 @@ fn collect<'a>(
         } else if let Some(elem) = child.to::<TextElem>() {
             let prev = full.len();
             if let Some(case) = TextElem::case_in(styles) {
-                full.push_str(&case.apply(&elem.text()));
+                full.push_str(&case.apply(elem.text()));
             } else {
-                full.push_str(&elem.text());
+                full.push_str(elem.text());
             }
             Segment::Text(full.len() - prev)
         } else if let Some(elem) = child.to::<HElem>() {
@@ -576,7 +583,7 @@ fn collect<'a>(
             }
 
             full.push(SPACING_REPLACE);
-            Segment::Spacing(elem.amount())
+            Segment::Spacing(*elem.amount())
         } else if let Some(elem) = child.to::<LinebreakElem>() {
             let c = if elem.justify(styles) { '\u{2028}' } else { '\n' };
             full.push(c);
@@ -588,7 +595,7 @@ fn collect<'a>(
                 let lang = TextElem::lang_in(styles);
                 let region = TextElem::region_in(styles);
                 let quotes = Quotes::new(
-                    &quotes,
+                    quotes,
                     lang,
                     region,
                     SmartquoteElem::alternative_in(styles),
@@ -656,7 +663,7 @@ fn collect<'a>(
 /// contained inline-level content.
 fn prepare<'a>(
     vt: &mut Vt,
-    children: &'a [Content],
+    children: &'a [Prehashed<Content>],
     text: &'a str,
     segments: Vec<(Segment<'a>, StyleChain<'a>)>,
     spans: SpanMapper,
@@ -674,7 +681,7 @@ fn prepare<'a>(
     );
 
     let mut cursor = 0;
-    let mut items = vec![];
+    let mut items = Vec::with_capacity(segments.len());
 
     // Shape / layout the children and collect them into items.
     for (segment, styles) in segments {
@@ -727,13 +734,16 @@ fn prepare<'a>(
         bidi,
         items,
         spans,
-        styles,
         hyphenate: shared_get(styles, children, TextElem::hyphenate_in),
         lang: shared_get(styles, children, TextElem::lang_in),
         align: AlignElem::alignment_in(styles).resolve(styles).x,
         justify: ParElem::justify_in(styles),
         hang: ParElem::hanging_indent_in(styles),
         cjk_latin_spacing,
+        fallback: TextElem::fallback_in(styles),
+        leading: ParElem::leading_in(styles),
+        linebreaks: ParElem::linebreaks_in(styles),
+        size: TextElem::size_in(styles),
     })
 }
 
@@ -852,7 +862,7 @@ fn is_compatible(a: Script, b: Script) -> bool {
 /// paragraph.
 fn shared_get<T: PartialEq>(
     styles: StyleChain<'_>,
-    children: &[Content],
+    children: &[Prehashed<Content>],
     getter: fn(StyleChain) -> T,
 ) -> Option<T> {
     let value = getter(styles);
@@ -865,8 +875,8 @@ fn shared_get<T: PartialEq>(
 
 /// Find suitable linebreaks.
 fn linebreak<'a>(vt: &Vt, p: &'a Preparation<'a>, width: Abs) -> Vec<Line<'a>> {
-    let linebreaks = ParElem::linebreaks_in(p.styles).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        if ParElem::justify_in(p.styles) {
+    let linebreaks = p.linebreaks.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        if p.justify {
             Linebreaks::Optimized
         } else {
             Linebreaks::Simple
@@ -883,7 +893,7 @@ fn linebreak<'a>(vt: &Vt, p: &'a Preparation<'a>, width: Abs) -> Vec<Line<'a>> {
 /// lines greedily, always taking the longest possible line. This may lead to
 /// very unbalanced line, but is fast and simple.
 fn linebreak_simple<'a>(vt: &Vt, p: &'a Preparation<'a>, width: Abs) -> Vec<Line<'a>> {
-    let mut lines = vec![];
+    let mut lines = Vec::with_capacity(16);
     let mut start = 0;
     let mut last = None;
 
@@ -964,8 +974,8 @@ fn linebreak_optimized<'a>(vt: &Vt, p: &'a Preparation<'a>, width: Abs) -> Vec<L
         line: line(vt, p, 0..0, Breakpoint::Mandatory),
     }];
 
-    let em = TextElem::size_in(p.styles);
-
+    let em = p.size;
+    let mut lines = Vec::with_capacity(16);
     breakpoints(p, |end, breakpoint| {
         let k = table.len();
         let eof = end == p.bidi.text.len();
@@ -1071,7 +1081,6 @@ fn linebreak_optimized<'a>(vt: &Vt, p: &'a Preparation<'a>, width: Abs) -> Vec<L
     });
 
     // Retrace the best path.
-    let mut lines = vec![];
     let mut idx = table.len() - 1;
     while idx != 0 {
         table.truncate(idx + 1);
@@ -1151,7 +1160,7 @@ fn line<'a>(
             if hyphen || start < range.end || before.is_empty() {
                 let mut reshaped = shaped.reshape(vt, &p.spans, start..range.end);
                 if hyphen || shy {
-                    reshaped.push_hyphen(vt, TextElem::fallback_in(p.styles));
+                    reshaped.push_hyphen(vt, p.fallback);
                 }
 
                 if let Some(last_glyph) = reshaped.glyphs.last() {
@@ -1287,11 +1296,10 @@ fn finalize(
         .collect::<SourceResult<_>>()?;
 
     // Prevent orphans.
-    let leading = ParElem::leading_in(p.styles);
     if frames.len() >= 2 && !frames[1].is_empty() {
         let second = frames.remove(1);
         let first = &mut frames[0];
-        merge(first, second, leading);
+        merge(first, second, p.leading);
     }
 
     // Prevent widows.
@@ -1299,7 +1307,7 @@ fn finalize(
     if len >= 2 && !frames[len - 2].is_empty() {
         let second = frames.pop().unwrap();
         let first = frames.last_mut().unwrap();
-        merge(first, second, leading);
+        merge(first, second, p.leading);
     }
 
     Ok(Fragment::frames(frames))
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/place.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/place.rs
index 64cbd9a8..c8e83383 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/place.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/place.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,10 @@ impl Layout for PlaceElem {
                 .at(self.span());
         }
 
-        let child = self.body().aligned(alignment.unwrap_or_else(|| Align::CENTER));
+        let child = self
+            .body()
+            .clone()
+            .aligned(alignment.unwrap_or_else(|| Align::CENTER));
 
         let pod = Regions::one(base, Axes::splat(false));
         let frame = child.layout(vt, styles, pod)?.into_frame();
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/spacing.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/spacing.rs
index 37f1ed35..88b6e2cd 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/spacing.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/spacing.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 /// Inserts horizontal spacing into a paragraph.
@@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ impl Behave for HElem {
 
     fn larger(
         &self,
-        prev: &(Content, Behaviour, StyleChain),
+        prev: &(Cow<Content>, Behaviour, StyleChain),
         styles: StyleChain,
     ) -> bool {
         let Some(other) = prev.0.to::<Self>() else { return false };
@@ -173,7 +175,7 @@ impl Behave for VElem {
 
     fn larger(
         &self,
-        prev: &(Content, Behaviour, StyleChain),
+        prev: &(Cow<Content>, Behaviour, StyleChain),
         styles: StyleChain,
     ) -> bool {
         let Some(other) = prev.0.to::<Self>() else { return false };
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/stack.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/stack.rs
index 398341b2..50d1c862 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/stack.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/stack.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ impl Layout for StackElem {
         for child in self.children() {
             match child {
                 StackChild::Spacing(kind) => {
-                    layouter.layout_spacing(kind);
+                    layouter.layout_spacing(*kind);
                     deferred = None;
                 }
                 StackChild::Block(block) => {
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ impl Layout for StackElem {
                         layouter.layout_spacing(kind);
                     }
 
-                    layouter.layout_block(vt, &block, styles)?;
+                    layouter.layout_block(vt, block, styles)?;
                     deferred = spacing;
                 }
             }
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ impl Layout for StackElem {
 }
 
 /// A child of a stack element.
-#[derive(Hash)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum StackChild {
     /// Spacing between other children.
     Spacing(Spacing),
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/table.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/table.rs
index 056b63a2..9e7da071 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/table.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/table.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use typst::eval::{CastInfo, Reflect};
 
 use crate::layout::{AlignElem, GridLayouter, TrackSizings};
-use crate::meta::{Figurable, LocalName};
+use crate::meta::Figurable;
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 /// A table of items.
@@ -38,10 +38,12 @@ use crate::prelude::*;
 pub struct TableElem {
     /// The column sizes. See the [grid documentation]($grid) for more
     /// information on track sizing.
+    #[borrowed]
     pub columns: TrackSizings,
 
     /// The row sizes. See the [grid documentation]($grid) for more information
     /// on track sizing.
+    #[borrowed]
     pub rows: TrackSizings,
 
     /// The gaps between rows & columns. See the [grid documentation]($grid) for
@@ -51,6 +53,7 @@ pub struct TableElem {
 
     /// The gaps between columns. Takes precedence over `gutter`. See the
     /// [grid documentation]($grid) for more information on gutters.
+    #[borrowed]
     #[parse(
         let gutter = args.named("gutter")?;
         args.named("column-gutter")?.or_else(|| gutter.clone())
@@ -60,6 +63,7 @@ pub struct TableElem {
     /// The gaps between rows. Takes precedence over `gutter`. See the
     /// [grid documentation]($grid) for more information on gutters.
     #[parse(args.named("row-gutter")?.or_else(|| gutter.clone()))]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub row_gutter: TrackSizings,
 
     /// How to fill the cells.
@@ -82,6 +86,7 @@ pub struct TableElem {
     ///   [Profit:], [500 €], [1000 €], [1500 €],
     /// )
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub fill: Celled<Option<Paint>>,
 
     /// How to align the cells' content.
@@ -99,6 +104,7 @@ pub struct TableElem {
     ///   [A], [B], [C],
     /// )
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub align: Celled<Smart<Align>>,
 
     /// How to [stroke]($stroke) the cells.
@@ -151,16 +157,20 @@ impl Layout for TableElem {
     ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
         let inset = self.inset(styles);
         let align = self.align(styles);
+        let columns = self.columns(styles);
+        let rows = self.rows(styles);
+        let column_gutter = self.column_gutter(styles);
+        let row_gutter = self.row_gutter(styles);
 
-        let tracks = Axes::new(self.columns(styles).0, self.rows(styles).0);
-        let gutter = Axes::new(self.column_gutter(styles).0, self.row_gutter(styles).0);
+        let tracks = Axes::new(columns.0.as_slice(), rows.0.as_slice());
+        let gutter = Axes::new(column_gutter.0.as_slice(), row_gutter.0.as_slice());
         let cols = tracks.x.len().max(1);
         let cells: Vec<_> = self
             .children()
-            .into_iter()
+            .iter()
             .enumerate()
             .map(|(i, child)| {
-                let mut child = child.padded(inset);
+                let mut child = child.clone().padded(inset);
 
                 let x = i % cols;
                 let y = i / cols;
@@ -176,14 +186,8 @@ impl Layout for TableElem {
         let stroke = self.stroke(styles).map(Stroke::unwrap_or_default);
 
         // Prepare grid layout by unifying content and gutter tracks.
-        let layouter = GridLayouter::new(
-            tracks.as_deref(),
-            gutter.as_deref(),
-            &cells,
-            regions,
-            styles,
-            self.span(),
-        );
+        let layouter =
+            GridLayouter::new(tracks, gutter, &cells, regions, styles, self.span());
 
         // Measure the columns and layout the grid row-by-row.
         let mut layout = layouter.layout(vt)?;
@@ -321,7 +325,7 @@ impl<T: FromValue> FromValue for Celled<T> {
 }
 
 impl LocalName for TableElem {
-    fn local_name(&self, lang: Lang, _: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
+    fn local_name(lang: Lang, _: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
         match lang {
             Lang::ALBANIAN => "Tabel",
             Lang::ARABIC => "جدول",
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/terms.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/terms.rs
index 07f17bb0..d4262118 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/terms.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/terms.rs
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ pub struct TermsElem {
     /// / Colon: A nice separator symbol.
     /// ```
     #[default(HElem::new(Em::new(0.6).into()).with_weak(true).pack())]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub separator: Content,
 
     /// The indentation of each item.
@@ -114,20 +115,20 @@ impl Layout for TermsElem {
             ParElem::leading_in(styles).into()
         } else {
             self.spacing(styles)
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| BlockElem::below_in(styles).amount())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| *BlockElem::below_in(styles).amount())
         };
 
         let mut seq = vec![];
-        for (i, child) in self.children().into_iter().enumerate() {
+        for (i, child) in self.children().iter().enumerate() {
             if i > 0 {
                 seq.push(VElem::new(gutter).with_weakness(1).pack());
             }
             if !indent.is_zero() {
                 seq.push(HElem::new(indent.into()).pack());
             }
-            seq.push(child.term().strong());
-            seq.push(separator.clone());
-            seq.push(child.description());
+            seq.push(child.term().clone().strong());
+            seq.push((*separator).clone());
+            seq.push(child.description().clone());
         }
 
         Content::sequence(seq)
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/accent.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/accent.rs
index a542111b..bedc5635 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/accent.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/accent.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for AccentElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip(ctx))]
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
         ctx.style(ctx.style.with_cramped(true));
-        let base = ctx.layout_fragment(&self.base())?;
+        let base = ctx.layout_fragment(self.base())?;
         ctx.unstyle();
 
         // Preserve class to preserve automatic spacing.
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for AccentElem {
         // Forcing the accent to be at least as large as the base makes it too
         // wide in many case.
         let Accent(c) = self.accent();
-        let glyph = GlyphFragment::new(ctx, c, self.span());
+        let glyph = GlyphFragment::new(ctx, *c, self.span());
         let short_fall = ACCENT_SHORT_FALL.scaled(ctx);
         let variant = glyph.stretch_horizontal(ctx, base.width(), short_fall);
         let accent = variant.frame;
@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@ fn attachment(ctx: &MathContext, id: GlyphId, italics_correction: Abs) -> Abs {
 }
 
 /// An accent character.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Accent(char);
 
 impl Accent {
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ cast! {
     self => self.0.into_value(),
     v: char => Self::new(v),
     v: Content => match v.to::<TextElem>() {
-        Some(elem) => Value::Str(elem.text().into()).cast()?,
+        Some(elem) => Value::Str(elem.text().clone().into()).cast()?,
         None => bail!("expected text"),
     },
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/attach.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/attach.rs
index 5d1e477e..3e6b69f2 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/attach.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/attach.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for AttachElem {
                 .transpose()
         };
 
-        let base = ctx.layout_fragment(&self.base())?;
+        let base = ctx.layout_fragment(self.base())?;
 
         ctx.style(ctx.style.for_superscript());
         let tl = layout_attachment(ctx, Self::tl)?;
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ pub struct PrimesElem {
 impl LayoutMath for PrimesElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip(ctx))]
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        match self.count() {
+        match *self.count() {
             count @ 1..=4 => {
                 let f = ctx.layout_fragment(&TextElem::packed(match count {
                     1 => '′',
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ pub struct ScriptsElem {
 impl LayoutMath for ScriptsElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip(ctx))]
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        let mut fragment = ctx.layout_fragment(&self.body())?;
+        let mut fragment = ctx.layout_fragment(self.body())?;
         fragment.set_limits(Limits::Never);
         ctx.push(fragment);
         Ok(())
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ pub struct LimitsElem {
 impl LayoutMath for LimitsElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip(ctx))]
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        let mut fragment = ctx.layout_fragment(&self.body())?;
+        let mut fragment = ctx.layout_fragment(self.body())?;
         fragment.set_limits(if self.inline(ctx.styles()) {
             Limits::Always
         } else {
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/cancel.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/cancel.rs
index d521149e..16e4067a 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/cancel.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/cancel.rs
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ pub struct CancelElem {
 
 impl LayoutMath for CancelElem {
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        let body = ctx.layout_fragment(&self.body())?;
+        let body = ctx.layout_fragment(self.body())?;
         // Use the same math class as the body, in order to preserve automatic spacing around it.
         let body_class = body.class().unwrap_or(MathClass::Special);
         let mut body = body.into_frame();
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for CancelElem {
 }
 
 /// Defines the cancel line.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum CancelAngle {
     Angle(Angle),
     Func(Func),
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/class.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/class.rs
index fc8a6c79..d2c5192d 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/class.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/class.rs
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ pub struct ClassElem {
 
 impl LayoutMath for ClassElem {
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        ctx.style(ctx.style.with_class(self.class()));
-        let mut fragment = ctx.layout_fragment(&self.body())?;
+        ctx.style(ctx.style.with_class(*self.class()));
+        let mut fragment = ctx.layout_fragment(self.body())?;
         ctx.unstyle();
 
-        fragment.set_class(self.class());
+        fragment.set_class(*self.class());
         ctx.push(fragment);
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/ctx.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/ctx.rs
index 59ba057f..2637921c 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/ctx.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/ctx.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use comemo::Prehashed;
 use ttf_parser::gsub::SubstitutionSubtable;
 use ttf_parser::math::MathValue;
 use typst::font::{FontStyle, FontWeight};
@@ -251,7 +252,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'v> MathContext<'a, 'b, 'v> {
         // because it will be placed somewhere probably not at the left margin
         // it will overflow.  So emulate an `hbox` instead and allow the paragraph
         // to extend as far as needed.
-        let frame = ParElem::new(vec![elem])
+        let frame = ParElem::new(vec![Prehashed::new(elem)])
             .layout(
                 self.vt,
                 self.outer.chain(&self.local),
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/frac.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/frac.rs
index ee582775..bd8d86bf 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/frac.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/frac.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub struct FracElem {
 impl LayoutMath for FracElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip(ctx))]
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        layout(ctx, &self.num(), &[self.denom()], false, self.span())
+        layout(ctx, self.num(), std::slice::from_ref(self.denom()), false, self.span())
     }
 }
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub struct BinomElem {
 
 impl LayoutMath for BinomElem {
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        layout(ctx, &self.upper(), &self.lower(), true, self.span())
+        layout(ctx, self.upper(), self.lower(), true, self.span())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/fragment.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/fragment.rs
index 71d8d237..a40ed2bf 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/fragment.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/fragment.rs
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ pub struct GlyphFragment {
     pub font_size: Abs,
     pub class: Option<MathClass>,
     pub span: Span,
-    pub meta: Vec<Meta>,
+    pub meta: SmallVec<[Meta; 1]>,
     pub limits: Limits,
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/lr.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/lr.rs
index 16696f2e..39143620 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/lr.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/lr.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for LrElem {
             }
         }
 
-        let mut fragments = ctx.layout_fragments(&body)?;
+        let mut fragments = ctx.layout_fragments(body)?;
         let axis = scaled!(ctx, axis_height);
         let max_extent = fragments
             .iter()
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/matrix.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/matrix.rs
index 333a5706..b54da5d6 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/matrix.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/matrix.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for VecElem {
         let delim = self.delim(ctx.styles());
         let frame = layout_vec_body(
             ctx,
-            &self.children(),
+            self.children(),
             FixedAlign::Center,
             self.gap(ctx.styles()),
         )?;
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for MatElem {
         let delim = self.delim(ctx.styles());
         let frame = layout_mat_body(
             ctx,
-            &rows,
+            rows,
             augment,
             Axes::new(self.column_gap(ctx.styles()), self.row_gap(ctx.styles())),
             self.span(),
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for CasesElem {
         let delim = self.delim(ctx.styles());
         let frame = layout_vec_body(
             ctx,
-            &self.children(),
+            self.children(),
             FixedAlign::Start,
             self.gap(ctx.styles()),
         )?;
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ fn layout_delimiters(
 
 /// Parameters specifying how augmentation lines
 /// should be drawn on a matrix.
-#[derive(Default, Clone, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Augment<T: Numeric = Length> {
     pub hline: Offsets,
     pub vline: Offsets,
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ impl Augment<Abs> {
     fn stroke_or(&self, fallback: FixedStroke) -> FixedStroke {
         match &self.stroke {
             Smart::Custom(v) => v.clone().unwrap_or(fallback),
-            _ => fallback,
+            Smart::Auto => fallback,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -594,7 +594,13 @@ impl Fold for Augment<Abs> {
     type Output = Augment<Abs>;
 
     fn fold(mut self, outer: Self::Output) -> Self::Output {
-        self.stroke = self.stroke.fold(outer.stroke);
+        // Special case for handling `auto` strokes in subsequent `Augment`.
+        if self.stroke.is_auto() && outer.stroke.is_custom() {
+            self.stroke = outer.stroke;
+        } else {
+            self.stroke = self.stroke.fold(outer.stroke);
+        }
+
         self
     }
 }
@@ -602,19 +608,22 @@ impl Fold for Augment<Abs> {
 cast! {
     Augment,
     self => {
-        let stroke = self.stroke.unwrap_or_default();
+        // if the stroke is auto and there is only one vertical line,
+        if self.stroke.is_auto() && self.hline.0.is_empty() && self.vline.0.len() == 1 {
+            return self.vline.0[0].into_value();
+        }
 
         let d = dict! {
             "hline" => self.hline.into_value(),
             "vline" => self.vline.into_value(),
-            "stroke" => stroke.into_value()
+            "stroke" => self.stroke.into_value()
         };
 
         d.into_value()
     },
     v: isize => Augment {
         hline: Offsets::default(),
-        vline: Offsets(vec![v]),
+        vline: Offsets(smallvec![v]),
         stroke: Smart::Auto,
     },
     mut dict: Dict => {
@@ -636,14 +645,13 @@ cast! {
     self => self.into_value(),
 }
 
-/// The offsets at which augmentation lines
-/// should be drawn on a matrix.
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Hash)]
-pub struct Offsets(Vec<isize>);
+/// The offsets at which augmentation lines should be drawn on a matrix.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct Offsets(SmallVec<[isize; 1]>);
 
 cast! {
     Offsets,
     self => self.0.into_value(),
-    v: isize => Self(vec![v]),
+    v: isize => Self(smallvec![v]),
     v: Array => Self(v.into_iter().map(Value::cast).collect::<StrResult<_>>()?),
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/mod.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/mod.rs
index 26ab10c6..a4d44d00 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/mod.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ pub use self::root::*;
 pub use self::style::*;
 pub use self::underover::*;
 
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+
 use ttf_parser::{GlyphId, Rect};
 use typst::eval::{Module, Scope};
 use typst::font::{Font, FontWeight};
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ use self::spacing::*;
 use crate::layout::{AlignElem, BoxElem, HElem, ParElem, Spacing};
 use crate::meta::Supplement;
 use crate::meta::{
-    Count, Counter, CounterUpdate, LocalName, Numbering, Outlinable, Refable,
+    Count, Counter, CounterUpdate, LocalNameIn, Numbering, Outlinable, Refable,
 };
 use crate::prelude::*;
 use crate::shared::BehavedBuilder;
@@ -182,7 +184,7 @@ impl Synthesize for EquationElem {
     fn synthesize(&mut self, vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<()> {
         // Resolve the supplement.
         let supplement = match self.supplement(styles) {
-            Smart::Auto => TextElem::packed(self.local_name_in(styles)),
+            Smart::Auto => TextElem::packed(Self::local_name_in(styles)),
             Smart::Custom(None) => Content::empty(),
             Smart::Custom(Some(supplement)) => supplement.resolve(vt, [self.clone()])?,
         };
@@ -236,7 +238,7 @@ impl Layout for EquationElem {
         let variant = variant(styles);
         let world = vt.world;
         let Some(font) = families(styles).find_map(|family| {
-            let id = world.book().select(family.as_str(), variant)?;
+            let id = world.book().select(family, variant)?;
             let font = world.font(id)?;
             let _ = font.ttf().tables().math?.constants?;
             Some(font)
@@ -312,7 +314,7 @@ impl Count for EquationElem {
 }
 
 impl LocalName for EquationElem {
-    fn local_name(&self, lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
+    fn local_name(lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
         match lang {
             Lang::ALBANIAN => "Ekuacion",
             Lang::ARABIC => "معادلة",
@@ -381,7 +383,7 @@ impl Outlinable for EquationElem {
 
         let numbers = self
             .counter()
-            .at(vt, self.0.location().unwrap())?
+            .at(vt, self.location().unwrap())?
             .display(vt, &numbering)?;
 
         Ok(Some(supplement + numbers))
@@ -419,7 +421,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for Content {
         if self.is_sequence() {
             let mut bb = BehavedBuilder::new();
             self.sequence_recursive_for_each(&mut |child: &Content| {
-                bb.push(child.clone(), StyleChain::default())
+                bb.push(Cow::Owned(child.clone()), StyleChain::default())
             });
 
             for (child, _) in bb.finish().0.iter() {
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/op.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/op.rs
index 152efdf5..b4c36002 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/op.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/op.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for OpElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip(ctx))]
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
         let fragment =
-            ctx.layout_text(&TextElem::new(self.text()).spanned(self.span()))?;
+            ctx.layout_text(&TextElem::new(self.text().clone()).spanned(self.span()))?;
         ctx.push(
             FrameFragment::new(ctx, fragment.into_frame())
                 .with_class(MathClass::Large)
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/root.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/root.rs
index 49ceb75f..13c5c147 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/root.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/root.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ pub struct RootElem {
 impl LayoutMath for RootElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip(ctx))]
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        layout(ctx, self.index(ctx.styles()).as_ref(), &self.radicand(), self.span())
+        layout(ctx, self.index(ctx.styles()).as_ref(), self.radicand(), self.span())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/style.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/style.rs
index 4d80a235..774fadac 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/style.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/style.rs
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ impl MathStyle {
 /// The size of elements in an equation.
 ///
 /// See the TeXbook p. 141.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Cast)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Cast, Hash)]
 pub enum MathSize {
     /// Second-level sub- and superscripts.
     ScriptScript,
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ impl MathSize {
 }
 
 /// A mathematical style variant, as defined by Unicode.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Cast)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Cast, Hash)]
 pub enum MathVariant {
     Serif,
     Sans,
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/underover.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/underover.rs
index 5d010c28..aeb83061 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/underover.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/underover.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub struct UnderlineElem {
 impl LayoutMath for UnderlineElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip(ctx))]
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        layout_underoverline(ctx, &self.body(), self.span(), LineKind::Under)
+        layout_underoverline(ctx, self.body(), self.span(), LineKind::Under)
     }
 }
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub struct OverlineElem {
 impl LayoutMath for OverlineElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip(ctx))]
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        layout_underoverline(ctx, &self.body(), self.span(), LineKind::Over)
+        layout_underoverline(ctx, self.body(), self.span(), LineKind::Over)
     }
 }
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for UnderbraceElem {
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
         layout_underoverspreader(
             ctx,
-            &self.body(),
+            self.body(),
             &self.annotation(ctx.styles()),
             '⏟',
             BRACE_GAP,
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for OverbraceElem {
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
         layout_underoverspreader(
             ctx,
-            &self.body(),
+            self.body(),
             &self.annotation(ctx.styles()),
             '⏞',
             BRACE_GAP,
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for UnderbracketElem {
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
         layout_underoverspreader(
             ctx,
-            &self.body(),
+            self.body(),
             &self.annotation(ctx.styles()),
             '⎵',
             BRACKET_GAP,
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for OverbracketElem {
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
         layout_underoverspreader(
             ctx,
-            &self.body(),
+            self.body(),
             &self.annotation(ctx.styles()),
             '⎴',
             BRACKET_GAP,
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/bibliography.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/bibliography.rs
index d429d343..342135ec 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/bibliography.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/bibliography.rs
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ use typed_arena::Arena;
 use typst::diag::FileError;
 use typst::eval::{eval_string, Bytes, CastInfo, EvalMode, Reflect};
 use typst::font::FontStyle;
-use typst::util::option_eq;
+use typst::util::{option_eq, PicoStr};
 
 use super::{CitationForm, CiteGroup, LocalName};
 use crate::layout::{
     BlockElem, GridElem, HElem, PadElem, ParElem, Sizing, TrackSizings, VElem,
 };
-use crate::meta::{FootnoteElem, HeadingElem};
+use crate::meta::{FootnoteElem, HeadingElem, LocalNameIn};
 use crate::prelude::*;
 use crate::text::{Delta, SubElem, SuperElem, TextElem};
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ pub struct BibliographyElem {
 }
 
 /// A list of bibliography file paths.
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct BibPaths(Vec<EcoString>);
 
 cast! {
@@ -153,11 +153,12 @@ impl BibliographyElem {
             bail!("multiple bibliographies are not yet supported");
         }
 
-        Ok(elem.to::<Self>().unwrap().clone())
+        Ok(elem.to::<Self>().cloned().unwrap())
     }
 
     /// Whether the bibliography contains the given key.
-    pub fn has(vt: &Vt, key: &str) -> bool {
+    pub fn has(vt: &Vt, key: impl Into<PicoStr>) -> bool {
+        let key = key.into();
         vt.introspector
             .query(&Self::elem().select())
             .iter()
@@ -199,14 +200,9 @@ impl Show for BibliographyElem {
 
         let mut seq = vec![];
         if let Some(title) = self.title(styles) {
-            let title =
-                title.unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                    TextElem::packed(self.local_name(
-                        TextElem::lang_in(styles),
-                        TextElem::region_in(styles),
-                    ))
-                    .spanned(self.span())
-                });
+            let title = title.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                TextElem::packed(Self::local_name_in(styles)).spanned(self.span())
+            });
 
             seq.push(HeadingElem::new(title).with_level(NonZeroUsize::ONE).pack());
         }
@@ -220,7 +216,7 @@ impl Show for BibliographyElem {
                 .ok_or("CSL style is not suitable for bibliographies")
                 .at(span)?;
 
-            let row_gutter = BlockElem::below_in(styles).amount();
+            let row_gutter = *BlockElem::below_in(styles).amount();
             if references.iter().any(|(prefix, _)| prefix.is_some()) {
                 let mut cells = vec![];
                 for (prefix, reference) in references {
@@ -231,9 +227,9 @@ impl Show for BibliographyElem {
                 seq.push(VElem::new(row_gutter).with_weakness(3).pack());
                 seq.push(
                     GridElem::new(cells)
-                        .with_columns(TrackSizings(vec![Sizing::Auto; 2]))
-                        .with_column_gutter(TrackSizings(vec![COLUMN_GUTTER.into()]))
-                        .with_row_gutter(TrackSizings(vec![row_gutter.into()]))
+                        .with_columns(TrackSizings(smallvec![Sizing::Auto; 2]))
+                        .with_column_gutter(TrackSizings(smallvec![COLUMN_GUTTER.into()]))
+                        .with_row_gutter(TrackSizings(smallvec![(row_gutter).into()]))
                         .pack(),
                 );
             } else {
@@ -263,7 +259,7 @@ impl Finalize for BibliographyElem {
 }
 
 impl LocalName for BibliographyElem {
-    fn local_name(&self, lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
+    fn local_name(lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
         match lang {
             Lang::ALBANIAN => "Bibliografi",
             Lang::ARABIC => "المراجع",
@@ -300,7 +296,7 @@ impl LocalName for BibliographyElem {
 #[ty]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Bibliography {
-    map: Arc<IndexMap<EcoString, hayagriva::Entry>>,
+    map: Arc<IndexMap<PicoStr, hayagriva::Entry>>,
     hash: u128,
 }
 
@@ -371,8 +367,8 @@ impl Bibliography {
         })
     }
 
-    fn has(&self, key: &str) -> bool {
-        self.map.contains_key(key)
+    fn has(&self, key: impl Into<PicoStr>) -> bool {
+        self.map.contains_key(&key.into())
     }
 
     fn entries(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &hayagriva::Entry> {
@@ -645,7 +641,7 @@ impl<'a> Generator<'a> {
         let mut driver = BibliographyDriver::new();
         for elem in &self.groups {
             let group = elem.to::<CiteGroup>().unwrap();
-            let location = group.0.location().unwrap();
+            let location = group.location().unwrap();
             let children = group.children();
 
             // Groups should never be empty.
@@ -657,12 +653,13 @@ impl<'a> Generator<'a> {
             let mut normal = true;
 
             // Create infos and items for each child in the group.
-            for child in &children {
-                let key = child.key();
-                let Some(entry) = database.map.get(&key.0) else {
+            for child in children {
+                let key = *child.key();
+                let Some(entry) = database.map.get(&key.into_inner()) else {
                     errors.push(error!(
                         child.span(),
-                        "key `{}` does not exist in the bibliography", key.0
+                        "key `{}` does not exist in the bibliography",
+                        key.as_str()
                     ));
                     continue;
                 };
@@ -714,13 +711,13 @@ impl<'a> Generator<'a> {
             driver.citation(CitationRequest::new(
                 items,
                 style,
-                Some(locale(first.lang(), first.region())),
+                Some(locale(*first.lang(), *first.region())),
                 &LOCALES,
                 None,
             ));
         }
 
-        let locale = locale(self.bibliography.lang(), self.bibliography.region());
+        let locale = locale(*self.bibliography.lang(), *self.bibliography.region());
 
         // Add hidden items for everything if we should print the whole
         // bibliography.
@@ -761,7 +758,7 @@ impl<'a> Generator<'a> {
         // so that we can link there.
         let mut links = HashMap::new();
         if let Some(bibliography) = &rendered.bibliography {
-            let location = self.bibliography.0.location().unwrap();
+            let location = self.bibliography.location().unwrap();
             for (k, item) in bibliography.items.iter().enumerate() {
                 links.insert(item.key.as_str(), location.variant(k + 1));
             }
@@ -770,8 +767,7 @@ impl<'a> Generator<'a> {
         let mut output = std::mem::take(&mut self.failures);
         for (info, citation) in self.infos.iter().zip(&rendered.citations) {
             let supplement = |i: usize| info.subinfos.get(i)?.supplement.clone();
-            let link =
-                |i: usize| links.get(info.subinfos.get(i)?.key.0.as_str()).copied();
+            let link = |i: usize| links.get(info.subinfos.get(i)?.key.as_str()).copied();
 
             let renderer = ElemRenderer {
                 world: self.world,
@@ -811,13 +807,13 @@ impl<'a> Generator<'a> {
         let mut first_occurances = HashMap::new();
         for info in &self.infos {
             for subinfo in &info.subinfos {
-                let key = subinfo.key.0.as_str();
+                let key = subinfo.key.as_str();
                 first_occurances.entry(key).or_insert(info.location);
             }
         }
 
         // The location of the bibliography.
-        let location = self.bibliography.0.location().unwrap();
+        let location = self.bibliography.location().unwrap();
 
         let mut output = vec![];
         for (k, item) in rendered.items.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -918,8 +914,8 @@ impl ElemRenderer<'_> {
         if let Some(prefix) = suf_prefix {
             const COLUMN_GUTTER: Em = Em::new(0.65);
             content = GridElem::new(vec![prefix, content])
-                .with_columns(TrackSizings(vec![Sizing::Auto; 2]))
-                .with_column_gutter(TrackSizings(vec![COLUMN_GUTTER.into()]))
+                .with_columns(TrackSizings(smallvec![Sizing::Auto; 2]))
+                .with_column_gutter(TrackSizings(smallvec![COLUMN_GUTTER.into()]))
                 .pack();
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/cite.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/cite.rs
index 2e3c4155..a61523d8 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/cite.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/cite.rs
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ impl Show for CiteGroup {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "CiteGroup::show", skip(self, vt))]
     fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
         Ok(vt.delayed(|vt| {
-            let location = self.0.location().unwrap();
+            let location = self.location().unwrap();
             let span = self.span();
             Works::generate(vt.world, vt.introspector)
                 .at(span)?
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/context.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/context.rs
index 3a82a925..59b35577 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/context.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/context.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ impl Show for LocateElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "LocateElem::show", skip(self, vt))]
     fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
         Ok(vt.delayed(|vt| {
-            let location = self.0.location().unwrap();
+            let location = self.location().unwrap();
             Ok(self.func().call_vt(vt, [location])?.display())
         }))
     }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/counter.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/counter.rs
index 1ad0bff1..45041a38 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/counter.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/counter.rs
@@ -284,9 +284,9 @@ impl Counter {
             }
 
             if let Some(update) = match elem.to::<UpdateElem>() {
-                Some(elem) => Some(elem.update()),
+                Some(elem) => Some(elem.update().clone()),
                 None => match elem.with::<dyn Count>() {
-                    Some(countable) => countable.update(),
+                    Some(countable) => countable.update().clone(),
                     None => Some(CounterUpdate::Step(NonZeroUsize::ONE)),
                 },
             } {
@@ -301,8 +301,7 @@ impl Counter {
 
     /// The selector relevant for this counter's updates.
     fn selector(&self) -> Selector {
-        let mut selector =
-            Selector::Elem(UpdateElem::elem(), Some(dict! { "key" => self.0.clone() }));
+        let mut selector = select_where!(UpdateElem, Key => self.0.clone());
 
         if let CounterKey::Selector(key) = &self.0 {
             selector = Selector::Or(eco_vec![selector, key.clone()]);
@@ -613,17 +612,18 @@ impl Show for DisplayElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "DisplayElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
         Ok(vt.delayed(|vt| {
-            let location = self.0.location().unwrap();
+            let location = self.location().unwrap();
             let counter = self.counter();
             let numbering = self
                 .numbering()
+                .clone()
                 .or_else(|| {
                     let CounterKey::Selector(Selector::Elem(func, _)) = counter.0 else {
                         return None;
                     };
 
                     if func == HeadingElem::elem() {
-                        HeadingElem::numbering_in(styles)
+                        HeadingElem::numbering_in(styles).clone()
                     } else if func == FigureElem::elem() {
                         FigureElem::numbering_in(styles)
                     } else if func == EquationElem::elem() {
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ impl Show for DisplayElem {
                 })
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| NumberingPattern::from_str("1.1").unwrap().into());
 
-            let state = if self.both() {
+            let state = if *self.both() {
                 counter.both(vt, location)?
             } else {
                 counter.at(vt, location)?
@@ -695,9 +695,9 @@ impl ManualPageCounter {
                 FrameItem::Group(group) => self.visit(vt, &group.frame)?,
                 FrameItem::Meta(Meta::Elem(elem), _) => {
                     let Some(elem) = elem.to::<UpdateElem>() else { continue };
-                    if elem.key() == CounterKey::Page {
+                    if *elem.key() == CounterKey::Page {
                         let mut state = CounterState(smallvec![self.logical]);
-                        state.update(vt, elem.update())?;
+                        state.update(vt, elem.update().clone())?;
                         self.logical = state.first();
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/document.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/document.rs
index 55c365ac..f6ff6812 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/document.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/document.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use comemo::Prehashed;
 use typst::eval::Datetime;
 
 use crate::layout::{LayoutRoot, PageElem};
@@ -43,9 +44,8 @@ pub struct DocumentElem {
     pub date: Smart<Option<Datetime>>,
 
     /// The page runs.
-    #[internal]
     #[variadic]
-    pub children: Vec<Content>,
+    pub children: Vec<Prehashed<Content>>,
 }
 
 impl Construct for DocumentElem {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ impl LayoutRoot for DocumentElem {
         let mut page_counter = ManualPageCounter::new();
 
         let children = self.children();
-        let mut iter = children.iter().peekable();
+        let mut iter = children.iter().map(|c| &**c).peekable();
 
         while let Some(mut child) = iter.next() {
             let outer = styles;
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ impl LayoutRoot for DocumentElem {
 }
 
 /// A list of authors.
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Author(Vec<EcoString>);
 
 cast! {
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ cast! {
 }
 
 /// A list of keywords.
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Keywords(Vec<EcoString>);
 
 cast! {
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/figure.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/figure.rs
index 990c9860..bfcc9b44 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/figure.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/figure.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
+use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 use typst::util::option_eq;
 
-use super::{
-    Count, Counter, CounterKey, CounterUpdate, LocalName, Numbering, NumberingPattern,
-};
+use super::{Count, Counter, CounterKey, CounterUpdate, Numbering, NumberingPattern};
 use crate::layout::{BlockElem, PlaceElem, VElem};
 use crate::meta::{Outlinable, Refable, Supplement};
 use crate::prelude::*;
@@ -170,6 +169,7 @@ pub struct FigureElem {
     ///   kind: "foo",
     /// )
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub supplement: Smart<Option<Supplement>>,
 
     /// How to number the figure. Accepts a
@@ -212,25 +212,21 @@ impl Synthesize for FigureElem {
         let kind = self.kind(styles).unwrap_or_else(|| {
             self.body()
                 .query_first(Selector::can::<dyn Figurable>())
-                .cloned()
                 .map(|elem| FigureKind::Elem(elem.func()))
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| FigureKind::Elem(ImageElem::elem()))
         });
 
         // Resolve the supplement.
-        let supplement = match self.supplement(styles) {
+        let supplement = match self.supplement(styles).as_ref() {
             Smart::Auto => {
                 // Default to the local name for the kind, if available.
                 let name = match &kind {
-                    FigureKind::Elem(func) => {
-                        let empty = Content::new(*func);
-                        empty.with::<dyn LocalName>().map(|c| {
-                            TextElem::packed(c.local_name(
-                                TextElem::lang_in(styles),
-                                TextElem::region_in(styles),
-                            ))
-                        })
-                    }
+                    FigureKind::Elem(func) => func
+                        .local_name(
+                            TextElem::lang_in(styles),
+                            TextElem::region_in(styles),
+                        )
+                        .map(TextElem::packed),
                     FigureKind::Name(_) => None,
                 };
 
@@ -245,24 +241,21 @@ impl Synthesize for FigureElem {
                 // Resolve the supplement with the first descendant of the kind or
                 // just the body, if none was found.
                 let descendant = match kind {
-                    FigureKind::Elem(func) => {
-                        self.body().query_first(Selector::Elem(func, None)).cloned()
-                    }
+                    FigureKind::Elem(func) => self
+                        .body()
+                        .query_first(Selector::Elem(func, None))
+                        .map(Cow::Owned),
                     FigureKind::Name(_) => None,
                 };
 
-                let target = descendant.unwrap_or_else(|| self.body());
+                let target = descendant.unwrap_or_else(|| Cow::Borrowed(self.body()));
                 Some(supplement.resolve(vt, [target])?)
             }
         };
 
         // Construct the figure's counter.
-        let counter = Counter::new(CounterKey::Selector(Selector::Elem(
-            Self::elem(),
-            Some(dict! {
-                "kind" => kind.clone(),
-            }),
-        )));
+        let counter =
+            Counter::new(CounterKey::Selector(select_where!(Self, Kind => kind.clone())));
 
         // Fill the figure's caption.
         let mut caption = self.caption(styles);
@@ -271,7 +264,7 @@ impl Synthesize for FigureElem {
             caption.push_supplement(supplement.clone());
             caption.push_numbering(numbering.clone());
             caption.push_counter(Some(counter.clone()));
-            caption.push_location(self.0.location());
+            caption.push_figure_location(self.location());
         }
 
         self.push_placement(self.placement(styles));
@@ -289,7 +282,7 @@ impl Synthesize for FigureElem {
 impl Show for FigureElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "FigureElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        let mut realized = self.body();
+        let mut realized = self.body().clone();
 
         // Build the caption, if any.
         if let Some(caption) = self.caption(styles) {
@@ -339,14 +332,15 @@ impl Count for FigureElem {
 impl Refable for FigureElem {
     fn supplement(&self) -> Content {
         // After synthesis, this should always be custom content.
-        match self.supplement(StyleChain::default()) {
-            Smart::Custom(Some(Supplement::Content(content))) => content,
+        let default = StyleChain::default();
+        match self.supplement(default).as_ref() {
+            Smart::Custom(Some(Supplement::Content(content))) => content.clone(),
             _ => Content::empty(),
         }
     }
 
     fn counter(&self) -> Counter {
-        self.counter().unwrap_or_else(|| Counter::of(Self::elem()))
+        self.counter().clone().unwrap_or_else(|| Counter::of(Self::elem()))
     }
 
     fn numbering(&self) -> Option<Numbering> {
@@ -364,17 +358,17 @@ impl Outlinable for FigureElem {
             return Ok(None);
         };
 
-        let mut realized = caption.body();
+        let mut realized = caption.body().clone();
         if let (
             Smart::Custom(Some(Supplement::Content(mut supplement))),
             Some(counter),
             Some(numbering),
         ) = (
-            self.supplement(StyleChain::default()),
+            self.supplement(StyleChain::default()).clone(),
             self.counter(),
             self.numbering(StyleChain::default()),
         ) {
-            let location = self.0.location().unwrap();
+            let location = self.location().unwrap();
             let numbers = counter.at(vt, location)?.display(vt, &numbering)?;
 
             if !supplement.is_empty() {
@@ -497,8 +491,9 @@ pub struct FigureCaption {
     pub counter: Option<Counter>,
 
     /// The figure's location.
+    #[internal]
     #[synthesized]
-    pub location: Option<Location>,
+    pub figure_location: Option<Location>,
 }
 
 impl FigureCaption {
@@ -542,12 +537,15 @@ impl Synthesize for FigureCaption {
 impl Show for FigureCaption {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "FigureCaption::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        let mut realized = self.body();
+        let mut realized = self.body().clone();
 
-        if let (Some(mut supplement), Some(numbering), Some(counter), Some(location)) =
-            (self.supplement(), self.numbering(), self.counter(), self.location())
-        {
-            let numbers = counter.at(vt, location)?.display(vt, &numbering)?;
+        if let (Some(mut supplement), Some(numbering), Some(counter), Some(location)) = (
+            self.supplement().clone(),
+            self.numbering(),
+            self.counter(),
+            self.figure_location(),
+        ) {
+            let numbers = counter.at(vt, *location)?.display(vt, numbering)?;
             if !supplement.is_empty() {
                 supplement += TextElem::packed('\u{a0}');
             }
@@ -564,7 +562,7 @@ cast! {
 }
 
 /// The `kind` parameter of a [`FigureElem`].
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum FigureKind {
     /// The kind is an element function.
     Elem(Element),
@@ -585,4 +583,4 @@ cast! {
 /// An element that can be auto-detected in a figure.
 ///
 /// This trait is used to determine the type of a figure.
-pub trait Figurable: LocalName {}
+pub trait Figurable {}
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/footnote.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/footnote.rs
index a8f0b4dd..4306f833 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/footnote.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/footnote.rs
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ pub struct FootnoteElem {
     /// #footnote[Star],
     /// #footnote[Dagger]
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     #[default(Numbering::Pattern(NumberingPattern::from_str("1").unwrap()))]
     pub numbering: Numbering,
 
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ impl FootnoteElem {
     }
 
     /// Returns the content of the body of this footnote if it is not a ref.
-    pub fn body_content(&self) -> Option<Content> {
+    pub fn body_content(&self) -> Option<&Content> {
         match self.body() {
             FootnoteBody::Content(content) => Some(content),
             _ => None,
@@ -102,20 +103,20 @@ impl FootnoteElem {
     pub fn declaration_location(&self, vt: &Vt) -> StrResult<Location> {
         match self.body() {
             FootnoteBody::Reference(label) => {
-                let element: Prehashed<Content> = vt.introspector.query_label(&label)?;
+                let element: Prehashed<Content> = vt.introspector.query_label(*label)?;
                 let footnote = element
                     .to::<FootnoteElem>()
                     .ok_or("referenced element should be a footnote")?;
                 footnote.declaration_location(vt)
             }
-            _ => Ok(self.0.location().unwrap()),
+            _ => Ok(self.location().unwrap()),
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl Synthesize for FootnoteElem {
     fn synthesize(&mut self, _vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        self.push_numbering(self.numbering(styles));
+        self.push_numbering(self.numbering(styles).clone());
         Ok(())
     }
 }
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@ impl Show for FootnoteElem {
             let loc = self.declaration_location(vt).at(self.span())?;
             let numbering = self.numbering(styles);
             let counter = Counter::of(Self::elem());
-            let num = counter.at(vt, loc)?.display(vt, &numbering)?;
+            let num = counter.at(vt, loc)?.display(vt, numbering)?;
             let sup = SuperElem::new(num).pack();
             let loc = loc.variant(1);
             // Add zero-width weak spacing to make the footnote "sticky".
@@ -144,7 +145,7 @@ impl Count for FootnoteElem {
 
 /// The body of a footnote can be either some content or a label referencing
 /// another footnote.
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum FootnoteBody {
     Content(Content),
     Reference(Label),
@@ -266,10 +267,11 @@ impl Show for FootnoteEntry {
     fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
         let note = self.note();
         let number_gap = Em::new(0.05);
-        let numbering = note.numbering(StyleChain::default());
+        let default = StyleChain::default();
+        let numbering = note.numbering(default);
         let counter = Counter::of(FootnoteElem::elem());
-        let loc = note.0.location().unwrap();
-        let num = counter.at(vt, loc)?.display(vt, &numbering)?;
+        let loc = note.location().unwrap();
+        let num = counter.at(vt, loc)?.display(vt, numbering)?;
         let sup = SuperElem::new(num)
             .pack()
             .linked(Destination::Location(loc))
@@ -278,7 +280,7 @@ impl Show for FootnoteEntry {
             HElem::new(self.indent(styles).into()).pack(),
             sup,
             HElem::new(number_gap.into()).with_weak(true).pack(),
-            note.body_content().unwrap(),
+            note.body_content().unwrap().clone(),
         ]))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/heading.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/heading.rs
index 34af8238..1a2f4dd0 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/heading.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/heading.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use typst::util::option_eq;
 
 use super::{Counter, CounterUpdate, LocalName, Numbering, Outlinable, Refable};
 use crate::layout::{BlockElem, HElem, VElem};
-use crate::meta::{Count, Supplement};
+use crate::meta::{Count, LocalNameIn, Supplement};
 use crate::prelude::*;
 use crate::text::{SpaceElem, TextElem, TextSize};
 
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ pub struct HeadingElem {
     /// == A subsection
     /// === A sub-subsection
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub numbering: Option<Numbering>,
 
     /// A supplement for the heading.
@@ -124,13 +125,13 @@ impl Synthesize for HeadingElem {
     fn synthesize(&mut self, vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<()> {
         // Resolve the supplement.
         let supplement = match self.supplement(styles) {
-            Smart::Auto => TextElem::packed(self.local_name_in(styles)),
+            Smart::Auto => TextElem::packed(Self::local_name_in(styles)),
             Smart::Custom(None) => Content::empty(),
             Smart::Custom(Some(supplement)) => supplement.resolve(vt, [self.clone()])?,
         };
 
         self.push_level(self.level(styles));
-        self.push_numbering(self.numbering(styles));
+        self.push_numbering(self.numbering(styles).clone());
         self.push_supplement(Smart::Custom(Some(Supplement::Content(supplement))));
         self.push_outlined(self.outlined(styles));
         self.push_bookmarked(self.bookmarked(styles));
@@ -142,10 +143,10 @@ impl Synthesize for HeadingElem {
 impl Show for HeadingElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "HeadingElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        let mut realized = self.body();
-        if let Some(numbering) = self.numbering(styles) {
+        let mut realized = self.body().clone();
+        if let Some(numbering) = self.numbering(styles).as_ref() {
             realized = Counter::of(Self::elem())
-                .display(Some(numbering), false)
+                .display(Some(numbering.clone()), false)
                 .spanned(self.span())
                 + HElem::new(Em::new(0.3).into()).with_weak(true).pack()
                 + realized;
@@ -204,7 +205,7 @@ impl Refable for HeadingElem {
     }
 
     fn numbering(&self) -> Option<Numbering> {
-        self.numbering(StyleChain::default())
+        self.numbering(StyleChain::default()).clone()
     }
 }
 
@@ -214,11 +215,12 @@ impl Outlinable for HeadingElem {
             return Ok(None);
         }
 
-        let mut content = self.body();
-        if let Some(numbering) = self.numbering(StyleChain::default()) {
+        let mut content = self.body().clone();
+        let default = StyleChain::default();
+        if let Some(numbering) = self.numbering(default).as_ref() {
             let numbers = Counter::of(Self::elem())
-                .at(vt, self.0.location().unwrap())?
-                .display(vt, &numbering)?;
+                .at(vt, self.location().unwrap())?
+                .display(vt, numbering)?;
             content = numbers + SpaceElem::new().pack() + content;
         };
 
@@ -231,7 +233,7 @@ impl Outlinable for HeadingElem {
 }
 
 impl LocalName for HeadingElem {
-    fn local_name(&self, lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
+    fn local_name(lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
         match lang {
             Lang::ALBANIAN => "Kapitull",
             Lang::ARABIC => "الفصل",
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/link.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/link.rs
index 7b68b186..74857f1b 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/link.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/link.rs
@@ -84,12 +84,12 @@ impl LinkElem {
 impl Show for LinkElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "LinkElem::show", skip(self, vt))]
     fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        let body = self.body();
+        let body = self.body().clone();
         let linked = match self.dest() {
-            LinkTarget::Dest(dest) => body.linked(dest),
+            LinkTarget::Dest(dest) => body.linked(dest.clone()),
             LinkTarget::Label(label) => vt
                 .delayed(|vt| {
-                    let elem = vt.introspector.query_label(&label).at(self.span())?;
+                    let elem = vt.introspector.query_label(*label).at(self.span())?;
                     let dest = Destination::Location(elem.location().unwrap());
                     Ok(Some(body.clone().linked(dest)))
                 })
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn body_from_url(url: &EcoString) -> Content {
 }
 
 /// A target where a link can go.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum LinkTarget {
     Dest(Destination),
     Label(Label),
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/mod.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/mod.rs
index 1019864f..ffe861ab 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/mod.rs
@@ -62,13 +62,15 @@ pub(super) fn define(global: &mut Scope) {
     global.define_func::<query>();
 }
 
-/// The named with which an element is referenced.
-pub trait LocalName {
-    /// Get the name in the given language and (optionally) region.
-    fn local_name(&self, lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str;
-
-    /// Resolve the local name with a style chain.
-    fn local_name_in(&self, styles: StyleChain) -> &'static str {
-        self.local_name(TextElem::lang_in(styles), TextElem::region_in(styles))
+/// An element that has a local name.
+pub trait LocalNameIn: LocalName {
+    /// Gets the local name from the style chain.
+    fn local_name_in(styles: StyleChain) -> &'static str
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        Self::local_name(TextElem::lang_in(styles), TextElem::region_in(styles))
     }
 }
+
+impl<T: LocalName> LocalNameIn for T {}
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/outline.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/outline.rs
index 9266ba2b..e7332ab3 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/outline.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/outline.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use super::{
     Counter, CounterKey, HeadingElem, LocalName, Numbering, NumberingPattern, Refable,
 };
 use crate::layout::{BoxElem, HElem, HideElem, ParbreakElem, RepeatElem, Spacing};
+use crate::meta::LocalNameIn;
 use crate::prelude::*;
 use crate::text::{LinebreakElem, SpaceElem, TextElem};
 
@@ -88,10 +89,8 @@ pub struct OutlineElem {
     ///   caption: [Experiment results],
     /// )
     /// ```
-    #[default(LocatableSelector(Selector::Elem(
-        HeadingElem::elem(),
-        Some(dict! { "outlined" => true })
-    )))]
+    #[default(LocatableSelector(select_where!(HeadingElem, Outlined => true)))]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub target: LocatableSelector,
 
     /// The maximum level up to which elements are included in the outline. When
@@ -161,6 +160,7 @@ pub struct OutlineElem {
     /// #lorem(10)
     /// ```
     #[default(None)]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub indent: Option<Smart<OutlineIndent>>,
 
     /// Content to fill the space between the title and the page number. Can be
@@ -187,14 +187,9 @@ impl Show for OutlineElem {
         let mut seq = vec![ParbreakElem::new().pack()];
         // Build the outline title.
         if let Some(title) = self.title(styles) {
-            let title =
-                title.unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                    TextElem::packed(self.local_name(
-                        TextElem::lang_in(styles),
-                        TextElem::region_in(styles),
-                    ))
-                    .spanned(self.span())
-                });
+            let title = title.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                TextElem::packed(Self::local_name_in(styles)).spanned(self.span())
+            });
 
             seq.push(HeadingElem::new(title).with_level(NonZeroUsize::ONE).pack());
         }
@@ -217,7 +212,7 @@ impl Show for OutlineElem {
             };
 
             let level = entry.level();
-            if depth < level {
+            if depth < *level {
                 continue;
             }
 
@@ -226,12 +221,12 @@ impl Show for OutlineElem {
             while ancestors
                 .last()
                 .and_then(|ancestor| ancestor.with::<dyn Outlinable>())
-                .map_or(false, |last| last.level() >= level)
+                .map_or(false, |last| last.level() >= *level)
             {
                 ancestors.pop();
             }
 
-            OutlineIndent::apply(&indent, vt, &ancestors, &mut seq, self.span())?;
+            OutlineIndent::apply(indent, vt, &ancestors, &mut seq, self.span())?;
 
             // Add the overridable outline entry, followed by a line break.
             seq.push(entry.pack());
@@ -255,7 +250,7 @@ impl Finalize for OutlineElem {
 }
 
 impl LocalName for OutlineElem {
-    fn local_name(&self, lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
+    fn local_name(lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
         match lang {
             Lang::ALBANIAN => "Përmbajtja",
             Lang::ARABIC => "المحتويات",
@@ -301,7 +296,7 @@ pub trait Outlinable: Refable {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum OutlineIndent {
     Bool(bool),
     Rel(Rel<Length>),
@@ -497,14 +492,14 @@ impl Show for OutlineEntry {
         };
 
         // The body text remains overridable.
-        seq.push(self.body().linked(Destination::Location(location)));
+        seq.push(self.body().clone().linked(Destination::Location(location)));
 
         // Add filler symbols between the section name and page number.
         if let Some(filler) = self.fill() {
             seq.push(SpaceElem::new().pack());
             seq.push(
                 BoxElem::new()
-                    .with_body(Some(filler))
+                    .with_body(Some(filler.clone()))
                     .with_width(Fr::one().into())
                     .pack(),
             );
@@ -514,7 +509,7 @@ impl Show for OutlineEntry {
         }
 
         // Add the page number.
-        let page = self.page().linked(Destination::Location(location));
+        let page = self.page().clone().linked(Destination::Location(location));
         seq.push(page);
 
         Ok(Content::sequence(seq))
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/reference.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/reference.rs
index 12e13929..3a463c80 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/reference.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/reference.rs
@@ -115,6 +115,7 @@ pub struct RefElem {
     /// in @intro[Part], it is done
     /// manually.
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub supplement: Smart<Option<Supplement>>,
 
     /// A synthesized citation.
@@ -132,9 +133,9 @@ impl Synthesize for RefElem {
         self.push_citation(Some(citation));
         self.push_element(None);
 
-        let target = self.target();
-        if !BibliographyElem::has(vt, &target.0) {
-            if let Ok(elem) = vt.introspector.query_label(&target) {
+        let target = *self.target();
+        if !BibliographyElem::has(vt, target) {
+            if let Ok(elem) = vt.introspector.query_label(target) {
                 self.push_element(Some(elem.into_inner()));
                 return Ok(());
             }
@@ -148,22 +149,22 @@ impl Show for RefElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "RefElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
         Ok(vt.delayed(|vt| {
-            let target = self.target();
-            let elem = vt.introspector.query_label(&self.target());
+            let target = *self.target();
+            let elem = vt.introspector.query_label(target);
             let span = self.span();
 
-            if BibliographyElem::has(vt, &target.0) {
+            if BibliographyElem::has(vt, target) {
                 if elem.is_ok() {
                     bail!(span, "label occurs in the document and its bibliography");
                 }
 
-                return Ok(self.to_citation(vt, styles)?.pack().spanned(span));
+                return Ok(self.to_citation(vt, styles)?.spanned(span).pack());
             }
 
             let elem = elem.at(span)?;
 
             if elem.func() == FootnoteElem::elem() {
-                return Ok(FootnoteElem::with_label(target).pack().spanned(span));
+                return Ok(FootnoteElem::with_label(target).spanned(span).pack());
             }
 
             let refable = elem
@@ -204,7 +205,7 @@ impl Show for RefElem {
                 .at(vt, elem.location().unwrap())?
                 .display(vt, &numbering.trimmed())?;
 
-            let supplement = match self.supplement(styles) {
+            let supplement = match self.supplement(styles).as_ref() {
                 Smart::Auto => refable.supplement(),
                 Smart::Custom(None) => Content::empty(),
                 Smart::Custom(Some(supplement)) => {
@@ -225,10 +226,10 @@ impl Show for RefElem {
 impl RefElem {
     /// Turn the reference into a citation.
     pub fn to_citation(&self, vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<CiteElem> {
-        let mut elem = CiteElem::new(self.target());
-        elem.0.set_location(self.0.location().unwrap());
+        let mut elem = CiteElem::new(*self.target());
+        elem.set_location(self.location().unwrap());
         elem.synthesize(vt, styles)?;
-        elem.push_supplement(match self.supplement(styles) {
+        elem.push_supplement(match self.supplement(styles).clone() {
             Smart::Custom(Some(Supplement::Content(content))) => Some(content),
             _ => None,
         });
@@ -238,6 +239,7 @@ impl RefElem {
 }
 
 /// Additional content for a reference.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum Supplement {
     Content(Content),
     Func(Func),
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/state.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/state.rs
index 137b754e..4f04628f 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/state.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/state.rs
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ impl State {
         for elem in introspector.query(&self.selector()) {
             let elem = elem.to::<UpdateElem>().unwrap();
             match elem.update() {
-                StateUpdate::Set(value) => state = value,
+                StateUpdate::Set(value) => state = value.clone(),
                 StateUpdate::Func(func) => state = func.call_vt(&mut vt, [state])?,
             }
             stops.push(state.clone());
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ impl State {
 
     /// The selector for this state's updates.
     fn selector(&self) -> Selector {
-        Selector::Elem(UpdateElem::elem(), Some(dict! { "key" => self.key.clone() }))
+        select_where!(UpdateElem, Key => self.key.clone())
     }
 }
 
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ impl Show for DisplayElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "DisplayElem::show", skip(self, vt))]
     fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
         Ok(vt.delayed(|vt| {
-            let location = self.0.location().unwrap();
+            let location = self.location().unwrap();
             let value = self.state().at(vt, location)?;
             Ok(match self.func() {
                 Some(func) => func.call_vt(vt, [value])?.display(),
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/prelude.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/prelude.rs
index 329cbf61..e3163e0f 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/prelude.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/prelude.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ pub use comemo::{Track, Tracked, TrackedMut};
 #[doc(no_inline)]
 pub use ecow::{eco_format, EcoString};
 #[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use smallvec::{smallvec, SmallVec};
+#[doc(no_inline)]
 pub use typst::diag::{bail, error, At, Hint, SourceResult, StrResult};
 #[doc(no_inline)]
 pub use typst::doc::*;
@@ -22,10 +24,10 @@ pub use typst::eval::{
 pub use typst::geom::*;
 #[doc(no_inline)]
 pub use typst::model::{
-    elem, Behave, Behaviour, Construct, Content, Element, Finalize, Fold, Introspector,
-    Label, Locatable, LocatableSelector, Location, Locator, MetaElem, NativeElement,
-    PlainText, Resolve, Selector, Set, Show, StyleChain, StyleVec, Styles, Synthesize,
-    Unlabellable, Vt,
+    elem, select_where, Behave, Behaviour, Construct, Content, Element, ElementFields,
+    Finalize, Fold, Introspector, Label, LocalName, Locatable, LocatableSelector,
+    Location, Locator, MetaElem, NativeElement, PlainText, Resolve, Selector, Set, Show,
+    StyleChain, StyleVec, Styles, Synthesize, Unlabellable, Vt,
 };
 #[doc(no_inline)]
 pub use typst::syntax::{FileId, Span, Spanned};
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/shared/behave.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/shared/behave.rs
index f97e3fbc..e152fbb5 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/shared/behave.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/shared/behave.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
 //! Element interaction.
 
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+
 use typst::model::{Behave, Behaviour, Content, StyleChain, StyleVec, StyleVecBuilder};
 
 /// A wrapper around a [`StyleVecBuilder`] that allows elements to interact.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct BehavedBuilder<'a> {
     /// The internal builder.
-    builder: StyleVecBuilder<'a, Content>,
+    builder: StyleVecBuilder<'a, Cow<'a, Content>>,
     /// Staged weak and ignorant elements that we can't yet commit to the
     /// builder. The option is `Some(_)` for weak elements and `None` for
     /// ignorant elements.
-    staged: Vec<(Content, Behaviour, StyleChain<'a>)>,
+    staged: Vec<(Cow<'a, Content>, Behaviour, StyleChain<'a>)>,
     /// What the last non-ignorant item was.
     last: Behaviour,
 }
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@ impl<'a> BehavedBuilder<'a> {
     }
 
     /// Push an item into the sequence.
-    pub fn push(&mut self, elem: Content, styles: StyleChain<'a>) {
+    pub fn push(&mut self, elem: Cow<'a, Content>, styles: StyleChain<'a>) {
         let interaction = elem
             .with::<dyn Behave>()
             .map_or(Behaviour::Supportive, Behave::behaviour);
@@ -81,12 +83,12 @@ impl<'a> BehavedBuilder<'a> {
     }
 
     /// Iterate over the contained elements.
-    pub fn elems(&self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &Content> {
+    pub fn elems(&self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &Cow<'a, Content>> {
         self.builder.elems().chain(self.staged.iter().map(|(item, ..)| item))
     }
 
     /// Return the finish style vec and the common prefix chain.
-    pub fn finish(mut self) -> (StyleVec<Content>, StyleChain<'a>) {
+    pub fn finish(mut self) -> (StyleVec<Cow<'a, Content>>, StyleChain<'a>) {
         self.flush(false);
         self.builder.finish()
     }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/shared/ext.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/shared/ext.rs
index e6431423..60614820 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/shared/ext.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/shared/ext.rs
@@ -47,13 +47,13 @@ impl ContentExt for Content {
     }
 
     fn linked(self, dest: Destination) -> Self {
-        self.styled(MetaElem::set_data(vec![Meta::Link(dest)]))
+        self.styled(MetaElem::set_data(smallvec![Meta::Link(dest)]))
     }
 
     fn backlinked(self, loc: Location) -> Self {
         let mut backlink = Content::empty();
         backlink.set_location(loc);
-        self.styled(MetaElem::set_data(vec![Meta::Elem(backlink)]))
+        self.styled(MetaElem::set_data(smallvec![Meta::Elem(backlink)]))
     }
 
     fn aligned(self, align: Align) -> Self {
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ impl StylesExt for Styles {
     fn set_family(&mut self, preferred: FontFamily, existing: StyleChain) {
         self.set(TextElem::set_font(FontList(
             std::iter::once(preferred)
-                .chain(TextElem::font_in(existing))
+                .chain(TextElem::font_in(existing).into_iter().cloned())
                 .collect(),
         )));
     }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/text/deco.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/text/deco.rs
index 136dfad8..d8167788 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/text/deco.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/text/deco.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ pub struct UnderlineElem {
 impl Show for UnderlineElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "UnderlineElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(self.body().styled(TextElem::set_deco(Decoration {
+        Ok(self.body().clone().styled(TextElem::set_deco(Decoration {
             line: DecoLine::Underline {
                 stroke: self.stroke(styles).unwrap_or_default(),
                 offset: self.offset(styles),
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ pub struct OverlineElem {
 impl Show for OverlineElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "OverlineElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(self.body().styled(TextElem::set_deco(Decoration {
+        Ok(self.body().clone().styled(TextElem::set_deco(Decoration {
             line: DecoLine::Overline {
                 stroke: self.stroke(styles).unwrap_or_default(),
                 offset: self.offset(styles),
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ pub struct StrikeElem {
 impl Show for StrikeElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "StrikeElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(self.body().styled(TextElem::set_deco(Decoration {
+        Ok(self.body().clone().styled(TextElem::set_deco(Decoration {
             // Note that we do not support evade option for strikethrough.
             line: DecoLine::Strikethrough {
                 stroke: self.stroke(styles).unwrap_or_default(),
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ pub struct HighlightElem {
 impl Show for HighlightElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "HighlightElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(self.body().styled(TextElem::set_deco(Decoration {
+        Ok(self.body().clone().styled(TextElem::set_deco(Decoration {
             line: DecoLine::Highlight {
                 fill: self.fill(styles),
                 top_edge: self.top_edge(styles),
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/text/misc.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/text/misc.rs
index 73657345..9f768f11 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/text/misc.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/text/misc.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,15 @@ use super::TextElem;
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 /// A text space.
-#[elem(Behave, Unlabellable, PlainText)]
+#[elem(Behave, Unlabellable, PlainText, Repr)]
 pub struct SpaceElem {}
 
+impl Repr for SpaceElem {
+    fn repr(&self) -> EcoString {
+        EcoString::inline("[ ]")
+    }
+}
+
 impl Behave for SpaceElem {
     fn behaviour(&self) -> Behaviour {
         Behaviour::Weak(2)
@@ -98,7 +104,10 @@ pub struct StrongElem {
 impl Show for StrongElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "StrongElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(self.body().styled(TextElem::set_delta(Delta(self.delta(styles)))))
+        Ok(self
+            .body()
+            .clone()
+            .styled(TextElem::set_delta(Delta(self.delta(styles)))))
     }
 }
 
@@ -153,7 +162,7 @@ pub struct EmphElem {
 impl Show for EmphElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "EmphElem::show", skip(self))]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(self.body().styled(TextElem::set_emph(Toggle)))
+        Ok(self.body().clone().styled(TextElem::set_emph(Toggle)))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/text/mod.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/text/mod.rs
index 27dd4a3f..84a68d6f 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/text/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/text/mod.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ pub(super) fn define(global: &mut Scope) {
 ///   With a function call.
 /// ])
 /// ```
-#[elem(Construct, PlainText)]
+#[elem(Construct, PlainText, Repr)]
 pub struct TextElem {
     /// A font family name or priority list of font family names.
     ///
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ pub struct TextElem {
     /// هذا عربي.
     /// ```
     #[default(FontList(vec![FontFamily::new("Linux Libertine")]))]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub font: FontList,
 
     /// Whether to allow last resort font fallback when the primary font list
@@ -558,8 +559,8 @@ pub struct TextElem {
     pub body: Content,
 
     /// The text.
-    #[internal]
     #[required]
+    #[variant(0)]
     pub text: EcoString,
 
     /// A delta to apply on the font weight.
@@ -595,6 +596,12 @@ impl TextElem {
     }
 }
 
+impl Repr for TextElem {
+    fn repr(&self) -> EcoString {
+        eco_format!("[{}]", self.text)
+    }
+}
+
 impl Construct for TextElem {
     fn construct(vm: &mut Vm, args: &mut Args) -> SourceResult<Content> {
         // The text constructor is special: It doesn't create a text element.
@@ -608,7 +615,7 @@ impl Construct for TextElem {
 
 impl PlainText for TextElem {
     fn plain_text(&self, text: &mut EcoString) {
-        text.push_str(&self.text());
+        text.push_str(self.text());
     }
 }
 
@@ -644,12 +651,12 @@ cast! {
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct FontList(pub Vec<FontFamily>);
 
-impl IntoIterator for FontList {
-    type IntoIter = std::vec::IntoIter<FontFamily>;
-    type Item = FontFamily;
+impl<'a> IntoIterator for &'a FontList {
+    type IntoIter = std::slice::Iter<'a, FontFamily>;
+    type Item = &'a FontFamily;
 
     fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
-        self.0.into_iter()
+        self.0.iter()
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/text/quote.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/text/quote.rs
index 86be2416..c555df2d 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/text/quote.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/text/quote.rs
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ pub struct QuoteElem {
     ///
     /// #bibliography("works.bib")
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     attribution: Option<Attribution>,
 
     /// The quote.
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ pub struct QuoteElem {
     body: Content,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum Attribution {
     Content(Content),
     Label(Label),
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ cast! {
 
 impl Show for QuoteElem {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        let mut realized = self.body();
+        let mut realized = self.body().clone();
         let block = self.block(styles);
 
         if self.quotes(styles) == Smart::Custom(true) || !block {
@@ -140,16 +141,16 @@ impl Show for QuoteElem {
         if block {
             realized = BlockElem::new().with_body(Some(realized)).pack();
 
-            if let Some(attribution) = self.attribution(styles) {
+            if let Some(attribution) = self.attribution(styles).as_ref() {
                 let mut seq = vec![TextElem::packed('—'), SpaceElem::new().pack()];
 
                 match attribution {
                     Attribution::Content(content) => {
-                        seq.push(content);
+                        seq.push(content.clone());
                     }
                     Attribution::Label(label) => {
                         seq.push(
-                            CiteElem::new(label)
+                            CiteElem::new(*label)
                                 .with_form(Some(CitationForm::Prose))
                                 .pack(),
                         );
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@ impl Show for QuoteElem {
 
             realized = PadElem::new(realized).pack();
         } else if let Some(Attribution::Label(label)) = self.attribution(styles) {
-            realized += SpaceElem::new().pack() + CiteElem::new(label).pack();
+            realized += SpaceElem::new().pack() + CiteElem::new(*label).pack();
         }
 
         Ok(realized)
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/text/quotes.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/text/quotes.rs
index 37e664fd..035ba422 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/text/quotes.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/text/quotes.rs
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ pub struct SmartquoteElem {
     /// #set smartquote(quotes: (single: ("[[", "]]"),  double: auto))
     /// 'Das sind eigene Anführungszeichen.'
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub quotes: Smart<QuoteDict>,
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/text/raw.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/text/raw.rs
index d16659be..4f672be9 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/text/raw.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/text/raw.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use super::{
     FontFamily, FontList, Hyphenate, LinebreakElem, SmartquoteElem, TextElem, TextSize,
 };
 use crate::layout::BlockElem;
-use crate::meta::{Figurable, LocalName};
+use crate::meta::Figurable;
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 // Shorthand for highlighter closures.
@@ -145,6 +145,7 @@ pub struct RawElem {
     ///
     /// This is ```typ also *Typst*```, but inline!
     /// ````
+    #[borrowed]
     pub lang: Option<EcoString>,
 
     /// The horizontal alignment that each line in a raw block should have.
@@ -225,11 +226,13 @@ pub struct RawElem {
         let (theme_path, theme_data) = parse_theme(vm, args)?;
         theme_path.map(Some)
     )]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub theme: Option<EcoString>,
 
     /// The raw file buffer of syntax theme file.
     #[internal]
     #[parse(theme_data.map(Some))]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub theme_data: Option<Bytes>,
 
     /// The size for a tab stop in spaces. A tab is replaced with enough spaces to
@@ -252,7 +255,7 @@ pub struct RawElem {
     /// Made accessible for the [`raw.line` element]($raw.line).
     /// Allows more styling control in `show` rules.
     #[synthesized]
-    pub lines: Vec<Content>,
+    pub lines: Vec<RawLine>,
 }
 
 #[scope]
@@ -280,17 +283,20 @@ impl RawElem {
 
 impl Synthesize for RawElem {
     fn synthesize(&mut self, _vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        self.push_lang(self.lang(styles));
+        self.push_lang(self.lang(styles).clone());
 
-        let mut text = self.text();
+        let mut text = self.text().clone();
         if text.contains('\t') {
             let tab_size = RawElem::tab_size_in(styles);
             text = align_tabs(&text, tab_size);
         }
 
+        let count = text.lines().count() as i64;
+
         let lang = self
             .lang(styles)
             .as_ref()
+            .as_ref()
             .map(|s| s.to_lowercase())
             .or(Some("txt".into()));
 
@@ -298,12 +304,12 @@ impl Synthesize for RawElem {
             load_syntaxes(&self.syntaxes(styles), &self.syntaxes_data(styles)).unwrap()
         });
 
-        let theme = self.theme(styles).map(|theme_path| {
-            load_theme(theme_path, self.theme_data(styles).unwrap()).unwrap()
+        let theme = self.theme(styles).as_ref().as_ref().map(|theme_path| {
+            load_theme(theme_path, self.theme_data(styles).as_ref().as_ref().unwrap())
+                .unwrap()
         });
 
         let theme = theme.as_deref().unwrap_or(&THEME);
-
         let foreground = theme.settings.foreground.unwrap_or(synt::Color::BLACK);
 
         let mut seq = vec![];
@@ -319,15 +325,12 @@ impl Synthesize for RawElem {
                 synt::Highlighter::new(theme),
                 &mut |_, range, style| styled(&text[range], foreground, style),
                 &mut |i, range, line| {
-                    seq.push(
-                        RawLine::new(
-                            i + 1,
-                            text.split(is_newline).count() as i64,
-                            EcoString::from(&text[range]),
-                            Content::sequence(line.drain(..)),
-                        )
-                        .pack(),
-                    );
+                    seq.push(RawLine::new(
+                        i + 1,
+                        count,
+                        EcoString::from(&text[range]),
+                        Content::sequence(line.drain(..)),
+                    ));
                 },
             )
             .highlight();
@@ -342,7 +345,6 @@ impl Synthesize for RawElem {
                 })
         }) {
             let mut highlighter = syntect::easy::HighlightLines::new(syntax, theme);
-            let len = text.lines().count();
             for (i, line) in text.lines().enumerate() {
                 let mut line_content = vec![];
                 for (style, piece) in
@@ -351,18 +353,23 @@ impl Synthesize for RawElem {
                     line_content.push(styled(piece, foreground, style));
                 }
 
-                seq.push(
-                    RawLine::new(
-                        i as i64 + 1,
-                        len as i64,
-                        EcoString::from(line),
-                        Content::sequence(line_content),
-                    )
-                    .pack(),
-                );
+                seq.push(RawLine::new(
+                    i as i64 + 1,
+                    count,
+                    EcoString::from(line),
+                    Content::sequence(line_content),
+                ));
             }
         } else {
-            seq.extend(text.lines().map(TextElem::packed));
+            let lines = text.lines();
+            seq.extend(lines.enumerate().map(|(i, line)| {
+                RawLine::new(
+                    i as i64 + 1,
+                    count,
+                    EcoString::from(line),
+                    TextElem::packed(line),
+                )
+            }));
         };
 
         self.push_lines(seq);
@@ -375,12 +382,12 @@ impl Show for RawElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "RawElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
         let mut lines = EcoVec::with_capacity((2 * self.lines().len()).saturating_sub(1));
-        for (i, line) in self.lines().into_iter().enumerate() {
+        for (i, line) in self.lines().iter().enumerate() {
             if i != 0 {
                 lines.push(LinebreakElem::new().pack());
             }
 
-            lines.push(line);
+            lines.push(line.clone().pack());
         }
 
         let mut realized = Content::sequence(lines);
@@ -408,7 +415,7 @@ impl Finalize for RawElem {
 }
 
 impl LocalName for RawElem {
-    fn local_name(&self, lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
+    fn local_name(lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
         match lang {
             Lang::ALBANIAN => "List",
             Lang::ARABIC => "قائمة",
@@ -443,7 +450,7 @@ impl Figurable for RawElem {}
 
 impl PlainText for RawElem {
     fn plain_text(&self, text: &mut EcoString) {
-        text.push_str(&self.text());
+        text.push_str(self.text());
     }
 }
 
@@ -475,13 +482,13 @@ pub struct RawLine {
 
 impl Show for RawLine {
     fn show(&self, _vt: &mut Vt, _styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(self.body())
+        Ok(self.body().clone())
     }
 }
 
 impl PlainText for RawLine {
     fn plain_text(&self, text: &mut EcoString) {
-        text.push_str(&self.text());
+        text.push_str(self.text());
     }
 }
 
@@ -617,7 +624,7 @@ fn to_syn(color: Color) -> synt::Color {
 }
 
 /// A list of bibliography file paths.
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct SyntaxPaths(Vec<EcoString>);
 
 cast! {
@@ -681,7 +688,7 @@ fn parse_syntaxes(
 }
 
 #[comemo::memoize]
-fn load_theme(path: EcoString, bytes: Bytes) -> StrResult<Arc<synt::Theme>> {
+fn load_theme(path: &str, bytes: &Bytes) -> StrResult<Arc<synt::Theme>> {
     let mut cursor = std::io::Cursor::new(bytes.as_slice());
 
     synt::ThemeSet::load_from_reader(&mut cursor)
@@ -705,7 +712,7 @@ fn parse_theme(
     let data = vm.world().file(id).at(span)?;
 
     // Check that parsing works.
-    let _ = load_theme(path.clone(), data.clone()).at(span)?;
+    let _ = load_theme(&path, &data).at(span)?;
 
     Ok((Some(path), Some(data)))
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/text/shaping.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/text/shaping.rs
index 0cfffce0..f7cf90bd 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/text/shaping.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/text/shaping.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use typst::font::{Font, FontStyle, FontVariant};
 use typst::util::SliceExt;
 use unicode_script::{Script, UnicodeScript};
 
-use super::{decorate, FontFamily, NumberType, NumberWidth, TextElem};
+use super::{decorate, NumberType, NumberWidth, TextElem};
 use crate::layout::SpanMapper;
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ impl<'a> ShapedText<'a> {
             for family in families(self.styles) {
                 if let Some(font) = world
                     .book()
-                    .select(family.as_str(), self.variant)
+                    .select(family, self.variant)
                     .and_then(|id| world.font(id))
                 {
                     expand(&font, None);
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ impl<'a> ShapedText<'a> {
             None
         };
         let mut chain = families(self.styles)
-            .map(|family| book.select(family.as_str(), self.variant))
+            .map(|family| book.select(family, self.variant))
             .chain(fallback_func.iter().map(|f| f()))
             .flatten();
 
@@ -593,11 +593,11 @@ pub fn shape<'a>(
 }
 
 /// Shape text with font fallback using the `families` iterator.
-fn shape_segment(
+fn shape_segment<'a>(
     ctx: &mut ShapingContext,
     base: usize,
     text: &str,
-    mut families: impl Iterator<Item = FontFamily> + Clone,
+    mut families: impl Iterator<Item = &'a str> + Clone,
 ) {
     // Fonts dont have newlines and tabs.
     if text.chars().all(|c| c == '\n' || c == '\t') {
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ fn shape_segment(
     let world = ctx.vt.world;
     let book = world.book();
     let mut selection = families.find_map(|family| {
-        book.select(family.as_str(), ctx.variant)
+        book.select(family, ctx.variant)
             .and_then(|id| world.font(id))
             .filter(|font| !ctx.used.contains(font))
     });
@@ -871,7 +871,7 @@ pub fn variant(styles: StyleChain) -> FontVariant {
 }
 
 /// Resolve a prioritized iterator over the font families.
-pub fn families(styles: StyleChain) -> impl Iterator<Item = FontFamily> + Clone {
+pub fn families(styles: StyleChain) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + Clone {
     const FALLBACKS: &[&str] = &[
         "linux libertine",
         "twitter color emoji",
@@ -883,7 +883,8 @@ pub fn families(styles: StyleChain) -> impl Iterator<Item = FontFamily> + Clone
     let tail = if TextElem::fallback_in(styles) { FALLBACKS } else { &[] };
     TextElem::font_in(styles)
         .into_iter()
-        .chain(tail.iter().copied().map(FontFamily::new))
+        .map(|family| family.as_str())
+        .chain(tail.iter().copied())
 }
 
 /// Collect the tags of the OpenType features to apply.
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/text/shift.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/text/shift.rs
index 6cb4d895..903982ef 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/text/shift.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/text/shift.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ pub struct SubElem {
 impl Show for SubElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "SubElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        let body = self.body();
+        let body = self.body().clone();
         let mut transformed = None;
         if self.typographic(styles) {
             if let Some(text) = search_text(&body, true) {
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ pub struct SuperElem {
 impl Show for SuperElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "SuperElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        let body = self.body();
+        let body = self.body().clone();
         let mut transformed = None;
         if self.typographic(styles) {
             if let Some(text) = search_text(&body, false) {
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn search_text(content: &Content, sub: bool) -> Option<EcoString> {
     if content.is::<SpaceElem>() {
         Some(' '.into())
     } else if let Some(elem) = content.to::<TextElem>() {
-        convert_script(&elem.text(), sub)
+        convert_script(elem.text(), sub)
     } else if let Some(children) = content.to_sequence() {
         let mut full = EcoString::new();
         for item in children {
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/visualize/image.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/visualize/image.rs
index 931e38c6..6e166bc0 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/visualize/image.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/visualize/image.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use typst::image::{Image, ImageFormat, RasterFormat, VectorFormat};
 use typst::util::option_eq;
 
 use crate::compute::Readable;
-use crate::meta::{Figurable, LocalName};
+use crate::meta::Figurable;
 use crate::prelude::*;
 use crate::text::families;
 
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ pub struct ImageElem {
         let data = vm.world().file(id).at(span)?;
         path
     )]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub path: EcoString,
 
     /// The raw file data.
@@ -157,11 +158,11 @@ impl Layout for ImageElem {
         };
 
         let image = Image::with_fonts(
-            data.into(),
+            data.clone().into(),
             format,
             self.alt(styles),
             vt.world,
-            &families(styles).map(|s| s.as_str().into()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            &families(styles).map(|s| s.into()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         )
         .at(self.span())?;
 
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ impl Layout for ImageElem {
 }
 
 impl LocalName for ImageElem {
-    fn local_name(&self, lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
+    fn local_name(lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
         match lang {
             Lang::ALBANIAN => "Figurë",
             Lang::ARABIC => "شكل",
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/visualize/path.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/visualize/path.rs
index 79364b07..43b11526 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/visualize/path.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/visualize/path.rs
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ impl Layout for PathElem {
                 .to_point()
         };
 
-        let vertices: Vec<PathVertex> = self.vertices();
+        let vertices = self.vertices();
         let points: Vec<Point> = vertices.iter().map(|c| resolve(c.vertex())).collect();
 
         let mut size = Size::zero();