26 files changed, 951 insertions, 980 deletions

diff --git a/src/export/pdf.rs b/src/export/pdf.rs
index 71665149..84023c71 100644
--- a/src/export/pdf.rs
+++ b/src/export/pdf.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use fontdock::FaceId;
 use ttf_parser::{name_id, GlyphId};
 
 use crate::SharedFontLoader;
-use crate::layout::{MultiLayout, Layout};
+use crate::layout::{MultiLayout, BoxLayout};
 use crate::layout::elements::LayoutElement;
 use crate::length::Length;
 
@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ impl<'a, W: Write> PdfExporter<'a, W> {
             let rect = Rect::new(
                 0.0,
                 0.0,
-                Length::raw(page.dimensions.x).as_pt() as f32,
-                Length::raw(page.dimensions.y).as_pt() as f32,
+                Length::raw(page.size.x).as_pt() as f32,
+                Length::raw(page.size.y).as_pt() as f32,
             );
 
             self.writer.write_obj(
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ impl<'a, W: Write> PdfExporter<'a, W> {
     }
 
     /// Write the content of a page.
-    fn write_page(&mut self, id: u32, page: &Layout) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_page(&mut self, id: u32, page: &BoxLayout) -> io::Result<()> {
         // Moves and face switches are always cached and only flushed once
         // needed.
         let mut text = Text::new();
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ impl<'a, W: Write> PdfExporter<'a, W> {
                     }
 
                     let x = Length::raw(pos.x).as_pt();
-                    let y = Length::raw(page.dimensions.y - pos.y - size).as_pt();
+                    let y = Length::raw(page.size.y - pos.y - size).as_pt();
                     text.tm(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, x as f32, y as f32);
                     text.tj(shaped.encode_glyphs());
                 }
diff --git a/src/func.rs b/src/func.rs
index d3bc13cc..afc796ae 100644
--- a/src/func.rs
+++ b/src/func.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ pub mod prelude {
     pub use crate::layout::Command::{self, *};
     pub use crate::style::{LayoutStyle, PageStyle, TextStyle};
     pub use crate::syntax::expr::*;
-    pub use crate::syntax::model::SyntaxModel;
+    pub use crate::syntax::tree::SyntaxTree;
     pub use crate::syntax::span::{Span, Spanned};
     pub use crate::syntax::value::*;
     pub use super::OptionExt;
@@ -132,11 +132,11 @@ macro_rules! function {
     };
 
     (@layout($name:ident) layout($this:ident, $ctx:ident, $feedback:ident) $code:block) => {
-        impl $crate::syntax::model::Model for $name {
+        impl $crate::layout::Layout for $name {
             fn layout<'a, 'b, 't>(
                 #[allow(unused)] &'a $this,
                 #[allow(unused)] mut $ctx: $crate::layout::LayoutContext<'b>,
-            ) -> $crate::layout::DynFuture<'t, $crate::Pass<$crate::layout::Commands<'a>>>
+            ) -> $crate::DynFuture<'t, $crate::Pass<$crate::layout::Commands<'a>>>
             where
                 'a: 't,
                 'b: 't,
diff --git a/src/layout/elements.rs b/src/layout/elements.rs
index e524e1fd..92b53ae8 100644
--- a/src/layout/elements.rs
+++ b/src/layout/elements.rs
@@ -35,8 +35,7 @@ impl Default for LayoutElements {
     }
 }
 
-/// A layouting action, which is the basic building block layouts are composed
-/// of.
+/// A layout element, which is the basic building block layouts are composed of.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub enum LayoutElement {
     /// Shaped text.
diff --git a/src/layout/line.rs b/src/layout/line.rs
index 6b2fd3c6..358d2ac9 100644
--- a/src/layout/line.rs
+++ b/src/layout/line.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ pub struct LineContext {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct LineRun {
     /// The so-far accumulated layouts in the line.
-    layouts: Vec<(f64, Layout)>,
+    layouts: Vec<(f64, BoxLayout)>,
     /// The width and maximal height of the line.
     size: Size,
     /// The alignment of all layouts in the line.
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ impl LineLayouter {
     }
 
     /// Add a layout to the run.
-    pub fn add(&mut self, layout: Layout) {
+    pub fn add(&mut self, layout: BoxLayout) {
         let axes = self.ctx.axes;
 
         if let Some(align) = self.run.align {
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ impl LineLayouter {
             self.add_primary_spacing(spacing, SpacingKind::Hard);
         }
 
-        let size = layout.dimensions.generalized(axes);
+        let size = layout.size.generalized(axes);
 
         if !self.usable().fits(size) {
             if !self.line_is_empty() {
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ impl LineLayouter {
 
             // TODO: Issue warning about overflow if there is overflow.
             if !self.usable().fits(size) {
-                self.stack.skip_to_fitting_space(layout.dimensions);
+                self.stack.skip_to_fitting_space(layout.size);
             }
         }
 
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ impl LineLayouter {
     /// a function how much space it has to layout itself.
     pub fn remaining(&self) -> LayoutSpaces {
         let mut spaces = self.stack.remaining();
-        *spaces[0].dimensions.secondary_mut(self.ctx.axes)
+        *spaces[0].size.secondary_mut(self.ctx.axes)
             -= self.run.size.y;
         spaces
     }
@@ -256,15 +256,15 @@ impl LineLayouter {
                 true => offset,
                 false => self.run.size.x
                     - offset
-                    - layout.dimensions.primary(self.ctx.axes),
+                    - layout.size.primary(self.ctx.axes),
             };
 
             let pos = Size::with_x(x);
             elements.extend_offset(pos, layout.elements);
         }
 
-        self.stack.add(Layout {
-            dimensions: self.run.size.specialized(self.ctx.axes),
+        self.stack.add(BoxLayout {
+            size: self.run.size.specialized(self.ctx.axes),
             align: self.run.align
                 .unwrap_or(LayoutAlign::new(Start, Start)),
                 elements
diff --git a/src/layout/mod.rs b/src/layout/mod.rs
index 41a314f0..143f1984 100644
--- a/src/layout/mod.rs
+++ b/src/layout/mod.rs
@@ -1,57 +1,100 @@
 //! Layouting types and engines.
 
-use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 
+use crate::Pass;
+use crate::font::SharedFontLoader;
 use crate::geom::{Size, Margins};
+use crate::style::{LayoutStyle, TextStyle, PageStyle};
+use crate::syntax::tree::SyntaxTree;
+
 use elements::LayoutElements;
+use tree::TreeLayouter;
 use prelude::*;
 
+pub mod elements;
 pub mod line;
+pub mod primitive;
 pub mod stack;
 pub mod text;
-pub mod elements;
-pub_use_mod!(model);
+pub mod tree;
+
+pub use primitive::*;
 
 /// Basic types used across the layouting engine.
 pub mod prelude {
-    pub use super::{
-        layout, LayoutContext, LayoutSpace, Command, Commands,
-        LayoutAxes, LayoutAlign, LayoutExpansion,
-    };
-    pub use super::Dir::{self, *};
-    pub use super::GenAxis::{self, *};
-    pub use super::SpecAxis::{self, *};
-    pub use super::GenAlign::{self, *};
-    pub use super::SpecAlign::{self, *};
+    pub use super::layout;
+    pub use super::primitive::*;
+    pub use Dir::*;
+    pub use GenAxis::*;
+    pub use SpecAxis::*;
+    pub use GenAlign::*;
+    pub use SpecAlign::*;
 }
 
 /// A collection of layouts.
-pub type MultiLayout = Vec<Layout>;
+pub type MultiLayout = Vec<BoxLayout>;
 
 /// A finished box with content at fixed positions.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub struct Layout {
+pub struct BoxLayout {
     /// The size of the box.
-    pub dimensions: Size,
+    pub size: Size,
     /// How to align this layout in a parent container.
     pub align: LayoutAlign,
-    /// The actions composing this layout.
+    /// The elements composing this layout.
     pub elements: LayoutElements,
 }
 
-/// A vector of layout spaces, that is stack allocated as long as it only
-/// contains at most 2 spaces.
+/// Layouting of elements.
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
+pub trait Layout {
+    /// Layout self into a sequence of layouting commands.
+    async fn layout<'a>(&'a self, _: LayoutContext<'_>) -> Pass<Commands<'a>>;
+}
+
+/// Layout a syntax tree into a list of boxes.
+pub async fn layout(tree: &SyntaxTree, ctx: LayoutContext<'_>) -> Pass<MultiLayout> {
+    let mut layouter = TreeLayouter::new(ctx);
+    layouter.layout_tree(tree).await;
+    layouter.finish()
+}
+
+/// The context for layouting.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct LayoutContext<'a> {
+    /// The font loader to retrieve fonts from when typesetting text
+    /// using [`layout_text`].
+    pub loader: &'a SharedFontLoader,
+    /// The style for pages and text.
+    pub style: &'a LayoutStyle,
+    /// The base unpadded size of this container (for relative sizing).
+    pub base: Size,
+    /// The spaces to layout in.
+    pub spaces: LayoutSpaces,
+    /// Whether to have repeated spaces or to use only the first and only once.
+    pub repeat: bool,
+    /// The initial axes along which content is laid out.
+    pub axes: LayoutAxes,
+    /// The alignment of the finished layout.
+    pub align: LayoutAlign,
+    /// Whether the layout that is to be created will be nested in a parent
+    /// container.
+    pub nested: bool,
+}
+
+/// A collection of layout spaces.
 pub type LayoutSpaces = Vec<LayoutSpace>;
 
 /// The space into which content is laid out.
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub struct LayoutSpace {
     /// The maximum size of the box to layout in.
-    pub dimensions: Size,
+    pub size: Size,
     /// Padding that should be respected on each side.
     pub padding: Margins,
-    /// Whether to expand the dimensions of the resulting layout to the full
-    /// dimensions of this space or to shrink them to fit the content.
+    /// Whether to expand the size of the resulting layout to the full size of
+    /// this space or to shrink them to fit the content.
     pub expansion: LayoutExpansion,
 }
 
@@ -62,363 +105,63 @@ impl LayoutSpace {
         Size::new(self.padding.left, self.padding.top)
     }
 
-    /// The actually usable area (dimensions minus padding).
+    /// The actually usable area (size minus padding).
     pub fn usable(&self) -> Size {
-        self.dimensions.unpadded(self.padding)
+        self.size.unpadded(self.padding)
     }
 
-    /// A layout space without padding and dimensions reduced by the padding.
+    /// A layout space without padding and size reduced by the padding.
     pub fn usable_space(&self) -> LayoutSpace {
         LayoutSpace {
-            dimensions: self.usable(),
+            size: self.usable(),
             padding: Margins::ZERO,
             expansion: LayoutExpansion::new(false, false),
         }
     }
 }
 
-/// Specifies along which axes content is laid out.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-pub struct LayoutAxes {
-    /// The primary layouting direction.
-    pub primary: Dir,
-    /// The secondary layouting direction.
-    pub secondary: Dir,
-}
-
-impl LayoutAxes {
-    /// Create a new instance from the two values.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    /// This function panics if the axes are aligned, that is, they are
-    /// on the same axis.
-    pub fn new(primary: Dir, secondary: Dir) -> LayoutAxes {
-        if primary.axis() == secondary.axis() {
-            panic!("invalid aligned axes {} and {}", primary, secondary);
-        }
-
-        LayoutAxes { primary, secondary }
-    }
-
-    /// Return the direction of the specified generic axis.
-    pub fn get(self, axis: GenAxis) -> Dir {
-        match axis {
-            Primary => self.primary,
-            Secondary => self.secondary,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Borrow the direction of the specified generic axis mutably.
-    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, axis: GenAxis) -> &mut Dir {
-        match axis {
-            Primary => &mut self.primary,
-            Secondary => &mut self.secondary,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Directions along which content is laid out.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-pub enum Dir {
-    LTT,
-    RTL,
-    TTB,
-    BTT,
-}
-
-impl Dir {
-    /// The specific axis this direction belongs to.
-    pub fn axis(self) -> SpecAxis {
-        match self {
-            LTT | RTL => Horizontal,
-            TTB | BTT => Vertical,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Whether this axis points into the positive coordinate direction.
-    ///
-    /// The positive axes are left-to-right and top-to-bottom.
-    pub fn is_positive(self) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            LTT | TTB => true,
-            RTL | BTT => false,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// The factor for this direction.
-    ///
-    /// - `1` if the direction is positive.
-    /// - `-1` if the direction is negative.
-    pub fn factor(self) -> f64 {
-        if self.is_positive() { 1.0 } else { -1.0 }
-    }
-
-    /// The inverse axis.
-    pub fn inv(self) -> Dir {
-        match self {
-            LTT => RTL,
-            RTL => LTT,
-            TTB => BTT,
-            BTT => TTB,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Display for Dir {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.pad(match self {
-            LTT => "ltr",
-            RTL => "rtl",
-            TTB => "ttb",
-            BTT => "btt",
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-/// The two generic layouting axes.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-pub enum GenAxis {
-    /// The primary axis along which words are laid out.
-    Primary,
-    /// The secondary axis along which lines and paragraphs are laid out.
-    Secondary,
-}
-
-impl GenAxis {
-    /// The specific version of this axis in the given system of axes.
-    pub fn to_specific(self, axes: LayoutAxes) -> SpecAxis {
-        axes.get(self).axis()
-    }
-}
-
-impl Display for GenAxis {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.pad(match self {
-            Primary => "primary",
-            Secondary => "secondary",
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-/// The two specific layouting axes.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-pub enum SpecAxis {
-    /// The horizontal layouting axis.
-    Horizontal,
-    /// The vertical layouting axis.
-    Vertical,
-}
-
-impl SpecAxis {
-    /// The generic version of this axis in the given system of axes.
-    pub fn to_generic(self, axes: LayoutAxes) -> GenAxis {
-        if self == axes.primary.axis() { Primary } else { Secondary }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Display for SpecAxis {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.pad(match self {
-            Horizontal => "horizontal",
-            Vertical => "vertical",
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-/// Specifies where to align a layout in a parent container.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-pub struct LayoutAlign {
-    /// The alignment along the primary axis.
-    pub primary: GenAlign,
-    /// The alignment along the secondary axis.
-    pub secondary: GenAlign,
-}
-
-impl LayoutAlign {
-    /// Create a new instance from the two values.
-    pub fn new(primary: GenAlign, secondary: GenAlign) -> LayoutAlign {
-        LayoutAlign { primary, secondary }
-    }
-
-    /// Return the alignment of the specified generic axis.
-    pub fn get(self, axis: GenAxis) -> GenAlign {
-        match axis {
-            Primary => self.primary,
-            Secondary => self.secondary,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Borrow the alignment of the specified generic axis mutably.
-    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, axis: GenAxis) -> &mut GenAlign {
-        match axis {
-            Primary => &mut self.primary,
-            Secondary => &mut self.secondary,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Where to align content along a generic context.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Hash)]
-pub enum GenAlign {
-    Start,
-    Center,
-    End,
-}
-
-impl GenAlign {
-    /// The inverse alignment.
-    pub fn inv(self) -> GenAlign {
-        match self {
-            Start => End,
-            Center => Center,
-            End => Start,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Display for GenAlign {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.pad(match self {
-            Start => "start",
-            Center => "center",
-            End => "end",
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-/// Where to align content in a specific context.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Hash)]
-pub enum SpecAlign {
-    Left,
-    Right,
-    Top,
-    Bottom,
-    Center,
-}
+/// A sequence of layouting commands.
+pub type Commands<'a> = Vec<Command<'a>>;
 
-impl SpecAlign {
-    /// The specific axis this alignment refers to.
+/// Commands issued to the layouting engine by trees.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Command<'a> {
+    /// Layout the given tree in the current context (i.e. not nested). The
+    /// content of the tree is not laid out into a separate box and then added,
+    /// but simply laid out flat in the active layouting process.
     ///
-    /// Returns `None` if this is center.
-    pub fn axis(self) -> Option<SpecAxis> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Left => Some(Horizontal),
-            Self::Right => Some(Horizontal),
-            Self::Top => Some(Vertical),
-            Self::Bottom => Some(Vertical),
-            Self::Center => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Convert this to a generic alignment.
-    pub fn to_generic(self, axes: LayoutAxes) -> GenAlign {
-        let get = |spec: SpecAxis, align: GenAlign| {
-            let axis = spec.to_generic(axes);
-            if axes.get(axis).is_positive() { align } else { align.inv() }
-        };
-
-        match self {
-            Self::Left => get(Horizontal, Start),
-            Self::Right => get(Horizontal, End),
-            Self::Top => get(Vertical, Start),
-            Self::Bottom => get(Vertical, End),
-            Self::Center => GenAlign::Center,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Display for SpecAlign {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.pad(match self {
-            Self::Left => "left",
-            Self::Right => "right",
-            Self::Top => "top",
-            Self::Bottom => "bottom",
-            Self::Center => "center",
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-/// Specifies whether to expand a layout to the full size of the space it is
-/// laid out in or to shrink it to fit the content.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-pub struct LayoutExpansion {
-    /// Whether to expand on the horizontal axis.
-    pub horizontal: bool,
-    /// Whether to expand on the vertical axis.
-    pub vertical: bool,
-}
-
-impl LayoutExpansion {
-    /// Create a new instance from the two values.
-    pub fn new(horizontal: bool, vertical: bool) -> LayoutExpansion {
-        LayoutExpansion { horizontal, vertical }
-    }
-
-    /// Return the expansion value for the given specific axis.
-    pub fn get(self, axis: SpecAxis) -> bool {
-        match axis {
-            Horizontal => self.horizontal,
-            Vertical => self.vertical,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Borrow the expansion value for the given specific axis mutably.
-    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, axis: SpecAxis) -> &mut bool {
-        match axis {
-            Horizontal => &mut self.horizontal,
-            Vertical => &mut self.vertical,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Defines how a given spacing interacts with (possibly existing) surrounding
-/// spacing.
-///
-/// There are two options for interaction: Hard and soft spacing. Typically,
-/// hard spacing is used when a fixed amount of space needs to be inserted no
-/// matter what. In contrast, soft spacing can be used to insert a default
-/// spacing between e.g. two words or paragraphs that can still be overridden by
-/// a hard space.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
-pub enum SpacingKind {
-    /// Hard spaces are always laid out and consume surrounding soft space.
-    Hard,
-    /// Soft spaces are not laid out if they are touching a hard space and
-    /// consume neighbouring soft spaces with higher levels.
-    Soft(u32),
-}
-
-impl SpacingKind {
-    /// The standard spacing kind used for paragraph spacing.
-    pub const PARAGRAPH: SpacingKind = SpacingKind::Soft(1);
-
-    /// The standard spacing kind used for line spacing.
-    pub const LINE: SpacingKind = SpacingKind::Soft(2);
-
-    /// The standard spacing kind used for word spacing.
-    pub const WORD: SpacingKind = SpacingKind::Soft(1);
-}
-
-/// The spacing kind of the most recently inserted item in a layouting process.
-/// This is not about the last _spacing item_, but the last _item_, which is why
-/// this can be `None`.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
-enum LastSpacing {
-    /// The last item was hard spacing.
-    Hard,
-    /// The last item was soft spacing with the given width and level.
-    Soft(f64, u32),
-    /// The last item was not spacing.
-    None,
-}
-
-impl LastSpacing {
-    /// The width of the soft space if this is a soft space or zero otherwise.
-    fn soft_or_zero(self) -> f64 {
-        match self {
-            LastSpacing::Soft(space, _) => space,
-            _ => 0.0,
-        }
-    }
+    /// This has the effect that the content fits nicely into the active line
+    /// layouting, enabling functions to e.g. change the style of some piece of
+    /// text while keeping it integrated in the current paragraph.
+    LayoutSyntaxTree(&'a SyntaxTree),
+
+    /// Add a already computed layout.
+    Add(BoxLayout),
+    /// Add multiple layouts, one after another. This is equivalent to multiple
+    /// [Add](Command::Add) commands.
+    AddMultiple(MultiLayout),
+
+    /// Add spacing of given [kind](super::SpacingKind) along the primary or
+    /// secondary axis. The spacing kind defines how the spacing interacts with
+    /// surrounding spacing.
+    AddSpacing(f64, SpacingKind, GenAxis),
+
+    /// Start a new line.
+    BreakLine,
+    /// Start a new paragraph.
+    BreakParagraph,
+    /// Start a new page, which will exist in the finished layout even if it
+    /// stays empty (since the page break is a _hard_ space break).
+    BreakPage,
+
+    /// Update the text style.
+    SetTextStyle(TextStyle),
+    /// Update the page style.
+    SetPageStyle(PageStyle),
+
+    /// Update the alignment for future boxes added to this layouting process.
+    SetAlignment(LayoutAlign),
+    /// Update the layouting axes along which future boxes will be laid
+    /// out. This finishes the current line.
+    SetAxes(LayoutAxes),
 }
diff --git a/src/layout/model.rs b/src/layout/model.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index db069870..00000000
--- a/src/layout/model.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,313 +0,0 @@
-//! The model layouter layouts models (i.e.
-//! [syntax models](crate::syntax::SyntaxModel) and [functions](crate::func))
-//! by executing commands issued by the models.
-
-use std::future::Future;
-use std::pin::Pin;
-
-use crate::{Pass, Feedback};
-use crate::SharedFontLoader;
-use crate::style::{LayoutStyle, PageStyle, TextStyle};
-use crate::geom::Size;
-use crate::syntax::decoration::Decoration;
-use crate::syntax::model::{Model, SyntaxModel, Node};
-use crate::syntax::span::{Span, Spanned};
-use super::line::{LineLayouter, LineContext};
-use super::text::{layout_text, TextContext};
-use super::*;
-
-/// Performs the model layouting.
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct ModelLayouter<'a> {
-    ctx: LayoutContext<'a>,
-    layouter: LineLayouter,
-    style: LayoutStyle,
-    feedback: Feedback,
-}
-
-/// The context for layouting.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct LayoutContext<'a> {
-    /// The font loader to retrieve fonts from when typesetting text
-    /// using [`layout_text`].
-    pub loader: &'a SharedFontLoader,
-    /// The style for pages and text.
-    pub style: &'a LayoutStyle,
-    /// The base unpadded dimensions of this container (for relative sizing).
-    pub base: Size,
-    /// The spaces to layout in.
-    pub spaces: LayoutSpaces,
-    /// Whether to have repeated spaces or to use only the first and only once.
-    pub repeat: bool,
-    /// The initial axes along which content is laid out.
-    pub axes: LayoutAxes,
-    /// The alignment of the finished layout.
-    pub align: LayoutAlign,
-    /// Whether the layout that is to be created will be nested in a parent
-    /// container.
-    pub nested: bool,
-}
-
-/// A sequence of layouting commands.
-pub type Commands<'a> = Vec<Command<'a>>;
-
-/// Commands issued to the layouting engine by models.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum Command<'a> {
-    /// Layout the given model in the current context (i.e. not nested). The
-    /// content of the model is not laid out into a separate box and then added,
-    /// but simply laid out flat in the active layouting process.
-    ///
-    /// This has the effect that the content fits nicely into the active line
-    /// layouting, enabling functions to e.g. change the style of some piece of
-    /// text while keeping it integrated in the current paragraph.
-    LayoutSyntaxModel(&'a SyntaxModel),
-
-    /// Add a already computed layout.
-    Add(Layout),
-    /// Add multiple layouts, one after another. This is equivalent to multiple
-    /// [Add](Command::Add) commands.
-    AddMultiple(MultiLayout),
-
-    /// Add spacing of given [kind](super::SpacingKind) along the primary or
-    /// secondary axis. The spacing kind defines how the spacing interacts with
-    /// surrounding spacing.
-    AddSpacing(f64, SpacingKind, GenAxis),
-
-    /// Start a new line.
-    BreakLine,
-    /// Start a new paragraph.
-    BreakParagraph,
-    /// Start a new page, which will exist in the finished layout even if it
-    /// stays empty (since the page break is a _hard_ space break).
-    BreakPage,
-
-    /// Update the text style.
-    SetTextStyle(TextStyle),
-    /// Update the page style.
-    SetPageStyle(PageStyle),
-
-    /// Update the alignment for future boxes added to this layouting process.
-    SetAlignment(LayoutAlign),
-    /// Update the layouting axes along which future boxes will be laid
-    /// out. This finishes the current line.
-    SetAxes(LayoutAxes),
-}
-
-/// Layout a syntax model into a list of boxes.
-pub async fn layout(model: &SyntaxModel, ctx: LayoutContext<'_>) -> Pass<MultiLayout> {
-    let mut layouter = ModelLayouter::new(ctx);
-    layouter.layout_syntax_model(model).await;
-    layouter.finish()
-}
-
-/// A dynamic future type which allows recursive invocation of async functions
-/// when used as the return type. This is also how the async trait functions
-/// work internally.
-pub type DynFuture<'a, T> = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output=T> + 'a>>;
-
-impl<'a> ModelLayouter<'a> {
-    /// Create a new model layouter.
-    pub fn new(ctx: LayoutContext<'a>) -> ModelLayouter<'a> {
-        ModelLayouter {
-            layouter: LineLayouter::new(LineContext {
-                spaces: ctx.spaces.clone(),
-                axes: ctx.axes,
-                align: ctx.align,
-                repeat: ctx.repeat,
-                line_spacing: ctx.style.text.line_spacing(),
-            }),
-            style: ctx.style.clone(),
-            ctx,
-            feedback: Feedback::new(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Flatly layout a model into this layouting process.
-    pub async fn layout<'r>(
-        &'r mut self,
-        model: Spanned<&'r dyn Model>
-    ) {
-        // Execute the model's layout function which generates the commands.
-        let layouted = model.v.layout(LayoutContext {
-            style: &self.style,
-            spaces: self.layouter.remaining(),
-            nested: true,
-            .. self.ctx
-        }).await;
-
-        // Add the errors generated by the model to the error list.
-        self.feedback.extend_offset(layouted.feedback, model.span.start);
-
-        for command in layouted.output {
-            self.execute_command(command, model.span).await;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Layout a syntax model by directly processing the nodes instead of using
-    /// the command based architecture.
-    pub async fn layout_syntax_model<'r>(
-        &'r mut self,
-        model: &'r SyntaxModel
-    ) {
-        use Node::*;
-
-        for Spanned { v: node, span } in &model.nodes {
-            let decorate = |this: &mut ModelLayouter, deco| {
-                this.feedback.decorations.push(Spanned::new(deco, *span));
-            };
-
-            match node {
-                Space => self.layout_space(),
-                Parbreak => self.layout_paragraph(),
-                Linebreak => self.layouter.finish_line(),
-
-                Text(text) => {
-                    if self.style.text.italic {
-                        decorate(self, Decoration::Italic);
-                    }
-
-                    if self.style.text.bolder {
-                        decorate(self, Decoration::Bold);
-                    }
-
-                    self.layout_text(text).await;
-                }
-
-                ToggleItalic => {
-                    self.style.text.italic = !self.style.text.italic;
-                    decorate(self, Decoration::Italic);
-                }
-
-                ToggleBolder => {
-                    self.style.text.bolder = !self.style.text.bolder;
-                    decorate(self, Decoration::Bold);
-                }
-
-                Raw(lines) => {
-                    // TODO: Make this more efficient.
-                    let fallback = self.style.text.fallback.clone();
-                    self.style.text.fallback.list_mut().insert(0, "monospace".to_string());
-                    self.style.text.fallback.flatten();
-
-                    // Layout the first line.
-                    let mut iter = lines.iter();
-                    if let Some(line) = iter.next() {
-                        self.layout_text(line).await;
-                    }
-
-                    // Put a newline before each following line.
-                    for line in iter {
-                        self.layouter.finish_line();
-                        self.layout_text(line).await;
-                    }
-
-                    self.style.text.fallback = fallback;
-                }
-
-                Model(model) => {
-                    self.layout(Spanned::new(model.as_ref(), *span)).await;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Compute the finished list of boxes.
-    pub fn finish(self) -> Pass<MultiLayout> {
-        Pass::new(self.layouter.finish(), self.feedback)
-    }
-
-    /// Execute a command issued by a model. When the command is errorful, the
-    /// given span is stored with the error.
-    fn execute_command<'r>(
-        &'r mut self,
-        command: Command<'r>,
-        model_span: Span,
-    ) -> DynFuture<'r, ()> { Box::pin(async move {
-        use Command::*;
-
-        match command {
-            LayoutSyntaxModel(model) => self.layout_syntax_model(model).await,
-
-            Add(layout) => self.layouter.add(layout),
-            AddMultiple(layouts) => self.layouter.add_multiple(layouts),
-            AddSpacing(space, kind, axis) => match axis {
-                Primary => self.layouter.add_primary_spacing(space, kind),
-                Secondary => self.layouter.add_secondary_spacing(space, kind),
-            }
-
-            BreakLine => self.layouter.finish_line(),
-            BreakParagraph => self.layout_paragraph(),
-            BreakPage => {
-                if self.ctx.nested {
-                    error!(
-                        @self.feedback, model_span,
-                        "page break cannot be issued from nested context",
-                    );
-                } else {
-                    self.layouter.finish_space(true)
-                }
-            }
-
-            SetTextStyle(style) => {
-                self.layouter.set_line_spacing(style.line_spacing());
-                self.style.text = style;
-            }
-            SetPageStyle(style) => {
-                if self.ctx.nested {
-                    error!(
-                        @self.feedback, model_span,
-                        "page style cannot be changed from nested context",
-                    );
-                } else {
-                    self.style.page = style;
-
-                    // The line layouter has no idea of page styles and thus we
-                    // need to recompute the layouting space resulting of the
-                    // new page style and update it within the layouter.
-                    let margins = style.margins();
-                    self.ctx.base = style.dimensions.unpadded(margins);
-                    self.layouter.set_spaces(vec![
-                        LayoutSpace {
-                            dimensions: style.dimensions,
-                            padding: margins,
-                            expansion: LayoutExpansion::new(true, true),
-                        }
-                    ], true);
-                }
-            }
-
-            SetAlignment(align) => self.ctx.align = align,
-            SetAxes(axes) => {
-                self.layouter.set_axes(axes);
-                self.ctx.axes = axes;
-            }
-        }
-    }) }
-
-    /// Layout a continous piece of text and add it to the line layouter.
-    async fn layout_text(&mut self, text: &str) {
-        self.layouter.add(layout_text(text, TextContext {
-            loader: &self.ctx.loader,
-            style: &self.style.text,
-            axes: self.ctx.axes,
-            align: self.ctx.align,
-        }).await)
-    }
-
-    /// Add the spacing for a syntactic space node.
-    fn layout_space(&mut self) {
-        self.layouter.add_primary_spacing(
-            self.style.text.word_spacing(),
-            SpacingKind::WORD,
-        );
-    }
-
-    /// Finish the paragraph and add paragraph spacing.
-    fn layout_paragraph(&mut self) {
-        self.layouter.add_secondary_spacing(
-            self.style.text.paragraph_spacing(),
-            SpacingKind::PARAGRAPH,
-        );
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/layout/primitive.rs b/src/layout/primitive.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2eb5669b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layout/primitive.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+//! Layouting primitives.
+
+use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
+use super::prelude::*;
+
+/// Specifies along which axes content is laid out.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct LayoutAxes {
+    /// The primary layouting direction.
+    pub primary: Dir,
+    /// The secondary layouting direction.
+    pub secondary: Dir,
+}
+
+impl LayoutAxes {
+    /// Create a new instance from the two values.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// This function panics if the axes are aligned, that is, they are
+    /// on the same axis.
+    pub fn new(primary: Dir, secondary: Dir) -> LayoutAxes {
+        if primary.axis() == secondary.axis() {
+            panic!("invalid aligned axes {} and {}", primary, secondary);
+        }
+
+        LayoutAxes { primary, secondary }
+    }
+
+    /// Return the direction of the specified generic axis.
+    pub fn get(self, axis: GenAxis) -> Dir {
+        match axis {
+            Primary => self.primary,
+            Secondary => self.secondary,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Borrow the direction of the specified generic axis mutably.
+    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, axis: GenAxis) -> &mut Dir {
+        match axis {
+            Primary => &mut self.primary,
+            Secondary => &mut self.secondary,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Directions along which content is laid out.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub enum Dir {
+    LTT,
+    RTL,
+    TTB,
+    BTT,
+}
+
+impl Dir {
+    /// The specific axis this direction belongs to.
+    pub fn axis(self) -> SpecAxis {
+        match self {
+            LTT | RTL => Horizontal,
+            TTB | BTT => Vertical,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether this axis points into the positive coordinate direction.
+    ///
+    /// The positive axes are left-to-right and top-to-bottom.
+    pub fn is_positive(self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            LTT | TTB => true,
+            RTL | BTT => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The factor for this direction.
+    ///
+    /// - `1` if the direction is positive.
+    /// - `-1` if the direction is negative.
+    pub fn factor(self) -> f64 {
+        if self.is_positive() { 1.0 } else { -1.0 }
+    }
+
+    /// The inverse axis.
+    pub fn inv(self) -> Dir {
+        match self {
+            LTT => RTL,
+            RTL => LTT,
+            TTB => BTT,
+            BTT => TTB,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for Dir {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.pad(match self {
+            LTT => "ltr",
+            RTL => "rtl",
+            TTB => "ttb",
+            BTT => "btt",
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// The two generic layouting axes.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub enum GenAxis {
+    /// The primary axis along which words are laid out.
+    Primary,
+    /// The secondary axis along which lines and paragraphs are laid out.
+    Secondary,
+}
+
+impl GenAxis {
+    /// The specific version of this axis in the given system of axes.
+    pub fn to_specific(self, axes: LayoutAxes) -> SpecAxis {
+        axes.get(self).axis()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for GenAxis {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.pad(match self {
+            Primary => "primary",
+            Secondary => "secondary",
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// The two specific layouting axes.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub enum SpecAxis {
+    /// The horizontal layouting axis.
+    Horizontal,
+    /// The vertical layouting axis.
+    Vertical,
+}
+
+impl SpecAxis {
+    /// The generic version of this axis in the given system of axes.
+    pub fn to_generic(self, axes: LayoutAxes) -> GenAxis {
+        if self == axes.primary.axis() { Primary } else { Secondary }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for SpecAxis {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.pad(match self {
+            Horizontal => "horizontal",
+            Vertical => "vertical",
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Specifies where to align a layout in a parent container.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct LayoutAlign {
+    /// The alignment along the primary axis.
+    pub primary: GenAlign,
+    /// The alignment along the secondary axis.
+    pub secondary: GenAlign,
+}
+
+impl LayoutAlign {
+    /// Create a new instance from the two values.
+    pub fn new(primary: GenAlign, secondary: GenAlign) -> LayoutAlign {
+        LayoutAlign { primary, secondary }
+    }
+
+    /// Return the alignment of the specified generic axis.
+    pub fn get(self, axis: GenAxis) -> GenAlign {
+        match axis {
+            Primary => self.primary,
+            Secondary => self.secondary,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Borrow the alignment of the specified generic axis mutably.
+    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, axis: GenAxis) -> &mut GenAlign {
+        match axis {
+            Primary => &mut self.primary,
+            Secondary => &mut self.secondary,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Where to align content along a generic context.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Hash)]
+pub enum GenAlign {
+    Start,
+    Center,
+    End,
+}
+
+impl GenAlign {
+    /// The inverse alignment.
+    pub fn inv(self) -> GenAlign {
+        match self {
+            Start => End,
+            Center => Center,
+            End => Start,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for GenAlign {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.pad(match self {
+            Start => "start",
+            Center => "center",
+            End => "end",
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Where to align content in a specific context.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Hash)]
+pub enum SpecAlign {
+    Left,
+    Right,
+    Top,
+    Bottom,
+    Center,
+}
+
+impl SpecAlign {
+    /// The specific axis this alignment refers to.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if this is center.
+    pub fn axis(self) -> Option<SpecAxis> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Left => Some(Horizontal),
+            Self::Right => Some(Horizontal),
+            Self::Top => Some(Vertical),
+            Self::Bottom => Some(Vertical),
+            Self::Center => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert this to a generic alignment.
+    pub fn to_generic(self, axes: LayoutAxes) -> GenAlign {
+        let get = |spec: SpecAxis, align: GenAlign| {
+            let axis = spec.to_generic(axes);
+            if axes.get(axis).is_positive() { align } else { align.inv() }
+        };
+
+        match self {
+            Self::Left => get(Horizontal, Start),
+            Self::Right => get(Horizontal, End),
+            Self::Top => get(Vertical, Start),
+            Self::Bottom => get(Vertical, End),
+            Self::Center => GenAlign::Center,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for SpecAlign {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.pad(match self {
+            Self::Left => "left",
+            Self::Right => "right",
+            Self::Top => "top",
+            Self::Bottom => "bottom",
+            Self::Center => "center",
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Specifies whether to expand a layout to the full size of the space it is
+/// laid out in or to shrink it to fit the content.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct LayoutExpansion {
+    /// Whether to expand on the horizontal axis.
+    pub horizontal: bool,
+    /// Whether to expand on the vertical axis.
+    pub vertical: bool,
+}
+
+impl LayoutExpansion {
+    /// Create a new instance from the two values.
+    pub fn new(horizontal: bool, vertical: bool) -> LayoutExpansion {
+        LayoutExpansion { horizontal, vertical }
+    }
+
+    /// Return the expansion value for the given specific axis.
+    pub fn get(self, axis: SpecAxis) -> bool {
+        match axis {
+            Horizontal => self.horizontal,
+            Vertical => self.vertical,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Borrow the expansion value for the given specific axis mutably.
+    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, axis: SpecAxis) -> &mut bool {
+        match axis {
+            Horizontal => &mut self.horizontal,
+            Vertical => &mut self.vertical,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Defines how a given spacing interacts with (possibly existing) surrounding
+/// spacing.
+///
+/// There are two options for interaction: Hard and soft spacing. Typically,
+/// hard spacing is used when a fixed amount of space needs to be inserted no
+/// matter what. In contrast, soft spacing can be used to insert a default
+/// spacing between e.g. two words or paragraphs that can still be overridden by
+/// a hard space.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum SpacingKind {
+    /// Hard spaces are always laid out and consume surrounding soft space.
+    Hard,
+    /// Soft spaces are not laid out if they are touching a hard space and
+    /// consume neighbouring soft spaces with higher levels.
+    Soft(u32),
+}
+
+impl SpacingKind {
+    /// The standard spacing kind used for paragraph spacing.
+    pub const PARAGRAPH: SpacingKind = SpacingKind::Soft(1);
+
+    /// The standard spacing kind used for line spacing.
+    pub const LINE: SpacingKind = SpacingKind::Soft(2);
+
+    /// The standard spacing kind used for word spacing.
+    pub const WORD: SpacingKind = SpacingKind::Soft(1);
+}
+
+/// The spacing kind of the most recently inserted item in a layouting process.
+/// This is not about the last _spacing item_, but the last _item_, which is why
+/// this can be `None`.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub(crate) enum LastSpacing {
+    /// The last item was hard spacing.
+    Hard,
+    /// The last item was soft spacing with the given width and level.
+    Soft(f64, u32),
+    /// The last item was not spacing.
+    None,
+}
+
+impl LastSpacing {
+    /// The width of the soft space if this is a soft space or zero otherwise.
+    pub(crate) fn soft_or_zero(self) -> f64 {
+        match self {
+            LastSpacing::Soft(space, _) => space,
+            _ => 0.0,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/layout/stack.rs b/src/layout/stack.rs
index 4f4d3d8b..28da74b7 100644
--- a/src/layout/stack.rs
+++ b/src/layout/stack.rs
@@ -59,12 +59,12 @@ struct Space {
     /// Whether to add the layout for this space even if it would be empty.
     hard: bool,
     /// The so-far accumulated layouts.
-    layouts: Vec<(LayoutAxes, Layout)>,
+    layouts: Vec<(LayoutAxes, BoxLayout)>,
     /// The specialized size of this space.
     size: Size,
     /// The specialized remaining space.
     usable: Size,
-    /// The specialized extra-needed dimensions to affect the size at all.
+    /// The specialized extra-needed size to affect the size at all.
     extra: Size,
     /// The rulers of a space dictate which alignments for new boxes are still
     /// allowed and which require a new space to be started.
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ impl StackLayouter {
     }
 
     /// Add a layout to the stack.
-    pub fn add(&mut self, layout: Layout) {
+    pub fn add(&mut self, layout: BoxLayout) {
         // If the alignment cannot be fitted in this space, finish it.
         // TODO: Issue warning for non-fitting alignment in
         //       non-repeating context.
@@ -101,12 +101,12 @@ impl StackLayouter {
         }
 
         // TODO: Issue warning about overflow if there is overflow.
-        if !self.space.usable.fits(layout.dimensions) && self.ctx.repeat {
-            self.skip_to_fitting_space(layout.dimensions);
+        if !self.space.usable.fits(layout.size) && self.ctx.repeat {
+            self.skip_to_fitting_space(layout.size);
         }
 
         // Change the usable space and size of the space.
-        self.update_metrics(layout.dimensions.generalized(self.ctx.axes));
+        self.update_metrics(layout.size.generalized(self.ctx.axes));
 
         // Add the box to the vector and remember that spacings are allowed
         // again.
@@ -130,11 +130,11 @@ impl StackLayouter {
             SpacingKind::Hard => {
                 // Reduce the spacing such that it definitely fits.
                 spacing = spacing.min(self.space.usable.secondary(self.ctx.axes));
-                let dimensions = Size::with_y(spacing);
+                let size = Size::with_y(spacing);
 
-                self.update_metrics(dimensions);
-                self.space.layouts.push((self.ctx.axes, Layout {
-                    dimensions: dimensions.specialized(self.ctx.axes),
+                self.update_metrics(size);
+                self.space.layouts.push((self.ctx.axes, BoxLayout {
+                    size: size.specialized(self.ctx.axes),
                     align: LayoutAlign::new(Start, Start),
                     elements: LayoutElements::new(),
                 }));
@@ -159,22 +159,22 @@ impl StackLayouter {
     }
 
     /// Update the size metrics to reflect that a layout or spacing with the
-    /// given generalized dimensions has been added.
-    fn update_metrics(&mut self, dimensions: Size) {
+    /// given generalized size has been added.
+    fn update_metrics(&mut self, added: Size) {
         let axes = self.ctx.axes;
 
         let mut size = self.space.size.generalized(axes);
         let mut extra = self.space.extra.generalized(axes);
 
-        size.x += (dimensions.x - extra.x).max(0.0);
-        size.y += (dimensions.y - extra.y).max(0.0);
+        size.x += (added.x - extra.x).max(0.0);
+        size.y += (added.y - extra.y).max(0.0);
 
-        extra.x = extra.x.max(dimensions.x);
-        extra.y = (extra.y - dimensions.y).max(0.0);
+        extra.x = extra.x.max(added.x);
+        extra.y = (extra.y - added.y).max(0.0);
 
         self.space.size = size.specialized(axes);
         self.space.extra = extra.specialized(axes);
-        *self.space.usable.secondary_mut(axes) -= dimensions.y;
+        *self.space.usable.secondary_mut(axes) -= added.y;
     }
 
     /// Update the rulers to account for the new layout. Returns true if a
@@ -226,12 +226,12 @@ impl StackLayouter {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Move to the first space that can fit the given dimensions or do nothing
+    /// Move to the first space that can fit the given size or do nothing
     /// if no space is capable of that.
-    pub fn skip_to_fitting_space(&mut self, dimensions: Size) {
+    pub fn skip_to_fitting_space(&mut self, size: Size) {
         let start = self.next_space();
         for (index, space) in self.ctx.spaces[start..].iter().enumerate() {
-            if space.usable().fits(dimensions) {
+            if space.usable().fits(size) {
                 self.finish_space(true);
                 self.start_space(start + index, true);
                 return;
@@ -242,10 +242,10 @@ impl StackLayouter {
     /// The remaining unpadded, unexpanding spaces. If a function is laid out
     /// into these spaces, it will fit into this stack.
     pub fn remaining(&self) -> LayoutSpaces {
-        let dimensions = self.usable();
+        let size = self.usable();
 
         let mut spaces = vec![LayoutSpace {
-            dimensions,
+            size,
             padding: Margins::ZERO,
             expansion: LayoutExpansion::new(false, false),
         }];
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ impl StackLayouter {
         let space = self.ctx.spaces[self.space.index];
 
         // ------------------------------------------------------------------ //
-        // Step 1: Determine the full dimensions of the space.
+        // Step 1: Determine the full size of the space.
         // (Mostly done already while collecting the boxes, but here we
         //  expand if necessary.)
 
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ impl StackLayouter {
         if space.expansion.horizontal { self.space.size.x = usable.x; }
         if space.expansion.vertical   { self.space.size.y = usable.y; }
 
-        let dimensions = self.space.size.padded(space.padding);
+        let size = self.space.size.padded(space.padding);
 
         // ------------------------------------------------------------------ //
         // Step 2: Forward pass. Create a bounding box for each layout in which
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ impl StackLayouter {
             // the usable space for following layouts at it's origin by its
             // extent along the secondary axis.
             *bound.get_mut(axes.secondary, Start)
-                += axes.secondary.factor() * layout.dimensions.secondary(*axes);
+                += axes.secondary.factor() * layout.size.secondary(*axes);
         }
 
         // ------------------------------------------------------------------ //
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ impl StackLayouter {
                 -= axes.secondary.factor() * extent.y;
 
             // Then, we add this layout's secondary extent to the accumulator.
-            let size = layout.dimensions.generalized(*axes);
+            let size = layout.size.generalized(*axes);
             extent.x = extent.x.max(size.x);
             extent.y += size.y;
         }
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ impl StackLayouter {
 
         let layouts = std::mem::take(&mut self.space.layouts);
         for ((axes, layout), bound) in layouts.into_iter().zip(bounds) {
-            let size = layout.dimensions.specialized(axes);
+            let size = layout.size.specialized(axes);
             let align = layout.align;
 
             // The space in which this layout is aligned is given by the
@@ -383,8 +383,8 @@ impl StackLayouter {
             elements.extend_offset(pos, layout.elements);
         }
 
-        self.layouts.push(Layout {
-            dimensions,
+        self.layouts.push(BoxLayout {
+            size,
             align: self.ctx.align,
             elements,
         });
diff --git a/src/layout/text.rs b/src/layout/text.rs
index 477099e2..5c18cd32 100644
--- a/src/layout/text.rs
+++ b/src/layout/text.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub struct TextContext<'a> {
 }
 
 /// Layouts text into a box.
-pub async fn layout_text(text: &str, ctx: TextContext<'_>) -> Layout {
+pub async fn layout_text(text: &str, ctx: TextContext<'_>) -> BoxLayout {
     TextLayouter::new(text, ctx).layout().await
 }
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ impl<'a> TextLayouter<'a> {
     }
 
     /// Do the layouting.
-    async fn layout(mut self) -> Layout {
+    async fn layout(mut self) -> BoxLayout {
         // If the primary axis is negative, we layout the characters reversed.
         if self.ctx.axes.primary.is_positive() {
             for c in self.text.chars() {
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ impl<'a> TextLayouter<'a> {
             self.elements.push(pos, LayoutElement::Text(self.shaped));
         }
 
-        Layout {
-            dimensions: Size::new(self.width, self.ctx.style.font_size()),
+        BoxLayout {
+            size: Size::new(self.width, self.ctx.style.font_size()),
             align: self.ctx.align,
             elements: self.elements,
         }
diff --git a/src/layout/tree.rs b/src/layout/tree.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..44c59211
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layout/tree.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+//! The tree layouter layouts trees (i.e.
+//! [syntax trees](crate::syntax::SyntaxTree) and [functions](crate::func))
+//! by executing commands issued by the trees.
+
+use crate::{Pass, Feedback, DynFuture};
+use crate::style::LayoutStyle;
+use crate::syntax::decoration::Decoration;
+use crate::syntax::tree::{SyntaxTree, SyntaxNode, DynamicNode};
+use crate::syntax::span::{Span, Spanned};
+use super::line::{LineLayouter, LineContext};
+use super::text::{layout_text, TextContext};
+use super::*;
+
+/// Performs the tree layouting.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct TreeLayouter<'a> {
+    ctx: LayoutContext<'a>,
+    layouter: LineLayouter,
+    style: LayoutStyle,
+    feedback: Feedback,
+}
+
+impl<'a> TreeLayouter<'a> {
+    /// Create a new tree layouter.
+    pub fn new(ctx: LayoutContext<'a>) -> TreeLayouter<'a> {
+        TreeLayouter {
+            layouter: LineLayouter::new(LineContext {
+                spaces: ctx.spaces.clone(),
+                axes: ctx.axes,
+                align: ctx.align,
+                repeat: ctx.repeat,
+                line_spacing: ctx.style.text.line_spacing(),
+            }),
+            style: ctx.style.clone(),
+            ctx,
+            feedback: Feedback::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Layout a syntax tree by directly processing the nodes instead of using
+    /// the command based architecture.
+    pub async fn layout_tree(&mut self, tree: &SyntaxTree) {
+        for node in tree {
+            self.layout_node(node).await;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn layout_node(&mut self, node: &Spanned<SyntaxNode>) {
+        let decorate = |this: &mut TreeLayouter, deco| {
+            this.feedback.decorations.push(Spanned::new(deco, node.span));
+        };
+
+        match &node.v {
+            SyntaxNode::Space => self.layout_space(),
+            SyntaxNode::Parbreak => self.layout_paragraph(),
+            SyntaxNode::Linebreak => self.layouter.finish_line(),
+
+            SyntaxNode::Text(text) => {
+                if self.style.text.italic {
+                    decorate(self, Decoration::Italic);
+                }
+
+                if self.style.text.bolder {
+                    decorate(self, Decoration::Bold);
+                }
+
+                self.layout_text(text).await;
+            }
+
+            SyntaxNode::ToggleItalic => {
+                self.style.text.italic = !self.style.text.italic;
+                decorate(self, Decoration::Italic);
+            }
+
+            SyntaxNode::ToggleBolder => {
+                self.style.text.bolder = !self.style.text.bolder;
+                decorate(self, Decoration::Bold);
+            }
+
+            SyntaxNode::Raw(lines) => {
+                // TODO: Make this more efficient.
+                let fallback = self.style.text.fallback.clone();
+                self.style.text.fallback.list_mut().insert(0, "monospace".to_string());
+                self.style.text.fallback.flatten();
+
+                // Layout the first line.
+                let mut iter = lines.iter();
+                if let Some(line) = iter.next() {
+                    self.layout_text(line).await;
+                }
+
+                // Put a newline before each following line.
+                for line in iter {
+                    self.layouter.finish_line();
+                    self.layout_text(line).await;
+                }
+
+                self.style.text.fallback = fallback;
+            }
+
+            SyntaxNode::Dyn(dynamic) => {
+                self.layout_dyn(Spanned::new(dynamic.as_ref(), node.span)).await;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Layout a node into this layouting process.
+    pub async fn layout_dyn(&mut self, dynamic: Spanned<&dyn DynamicNode>) {
+        // Execute the tree's layout function which generates the commands.
+        let layouted = dynamic.v.layout(LayoutContext {
+            style: &self.style,
+            spaces: self.layouter.remaining(),
+            nested: true,
+            .. self.ctx
+        }).await;
+
+        // Add the errors generated by the tree to the error list.
+        self.feedback.extend_offset(layouted.feedback, dynamic.span.start);
+
+        for command in layouted.output {
+            self.execute_command(command, dynamic.span).await;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Compute the finished list of boxes.
+    pub fn finish(self) -> Pass<MultiLayout> {
+        Pass::new(self.layouter.finish(), self.feedback)
+    }
+
+    /// Execute a command issued by a tree. When the command is errorful, the
+    /// given span is stored with the error.
+    fn execute_command<'r>(
+        &'r mut self,
+        command: Command<'r>,
+        tree_span: Span,
+    ) -> DynFuture<'r, ()> { Box::pin(async move {
+        use Command::*;
+
+        match command {
+            LayoutSyntaxTree(tree) => self.layout_tree(tree).await,
+
+            Add(layout) => self.layouter.add(layout),
+            AddMultiple(layouts) => self.layouter.add_multiple(layouts),
+            AddSpacing(space, kind, axis) => match axis {
+                Primary => self.layouter.add_primary_spacing(space, kind),
+                Secondary => self.layouter.add_secondary_spacing(space, kind),
+            }
+
+            BreakLine => self.layouter.finish_line(),
+            BreakParagraph => self.layout_paragraph(),
+            BreakPage => {
+                if self.ctx.nested {
+                    error!(
+                        @self.feedback, tree_span,
+                        "page break cannot be issued from nested context",
+                    );
+                } else {
+                    self.layouter.finish_space(true)
+                }
+            }
+
+            SetTextStyle(style) => {
+                self.layouter.set_line_spacing(style.line_spacing());
+                self.style.text = style;
+            }
+            SetPageStyle(style) => {
+                if self.ctx.nested {
+                    error!(
+                        @self.feedback, tree_span,
+                        "page style cannot be changed from nested context",
+                    );
+                } else {
+                    self.style.page = style;
+
+                    // The line layouter has no idea of page styles and thus we
+                    // need to recompute the layouting space resulting of the
+                    // new page style and update it within the layouter.
+                    let margins = style.margins();
+                    self.ctx.base = style.size.unpadded(margins);
+                    self.layouter.set_spaces(vec![
+                        LayoutSpace {
+                            size: style.size,
+                            padding: margins,
+                            expansion: LayoutExpansion::new(true, true),
+                        }
+                    ], true);
+                }
+            }
+
+            SetAlignment(align) => self.ctx.align = align,
+            SetAxes(axes) => {
+                self.layouter.set_axes(axes);
+                self.ctx.axes = axes;
+            }
+        }
+    }) }
+
+    /// Layout a continous piece of text and add it to the line layouter.
+    async fn layout_text(&mut self, text: &str) {
+        self.layouter.add(layout_text(text, TextContext {
+            loader: &self.ctx.loader,
+            style: &self.style.text,
+            axes: self.ctx.axes,
+            align: self.ctx.align,
+        }).await)
+    }
+
+    /// Add the spacing for a syntactic space node.
+    fn layout_space(&mut self) {
+        self.layouter.add_primary_spacing(
+            self.style.text.word_spacing(),
+            SpacingKind::WORD,
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Finish the paragraph and add paragraph spacing.
+    fn layout_paragraph(&mut self) {
+        self.layouter.add_secondary_spacing(
+            self.style.text.paragraph_spacing(),
+            SpacingKind::PARAGRAPH,
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 67b94adf..5a0b8d0b 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -16,25 +16,19 @@
 //!   format is [_PDF_](crate::export::pdf).
 
 use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::pin::Pin;
 
 use crate::diagnostic::Diagnostics;
 use crate::font::SharedFontLoader;
 use crate::layout::MultiLayout;
 use crate::style::{LayoutStyle, PageStyle, TextStyle};
 use crate::syntax::decoration::Decorations;
-use crate::syntax::model::SyntaxModel;
+use crate::syntax::tree::SyntaxTree;
 use crate::syntax::parsing::{parse, ParseState};
 use crate::syntax::scope::Scope;
 use crate::syntax::span::{Offset, Pos};
 
-/// Declare a module and reexport all its contents.
-macro_rules! pub_use_mod {
-    ($name:ident) => {
-        mod $name;
-        pub use $name::*;
-    };
-}
-
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
 #[macro_use]
@@ -84,23 +78,24 @@ impl Typesetter {
     }
 
     /// Parse source code into a syntax tree.
-    pub fn parse(&self, src: &str) -> Pass<SyntaxModel> {
+    pub fn parse(&self, src: &str) -> Pass<SyntaxTree> {
         parse(src, Pos::ZERO, &self.parse_state)
     }
 
     /// Layout a syntax tree and return the produced layout.
-    pub async fn layout(&self, model: &SyntaxModel) -> Pass<MultiLayout> {
+    pub async fn layout(&self, tree: &SyntaxTree) -> Pass<MultiLayout> {
         use crate::layout::prelude::*;
+        use crate::layout::{LayoutContext, LayoutSpace};
 
         let margins = self.style.page.margins();
-        crate::layout::layout(
-            &model,
+        layout(
+            &tree,
             LayoutContext {
                 loader: &self.loader,
                 style: &self.style,
-                base: self.style.page.dimensions.unpadded(margins),
+                base: self.style.page.size.unpadded(margins),
                 spaces: vec![LayoutSpace {
-                    dimensions: self.style.page.dimensions,
+                    size: self.style.page.size,
                     padding: margins,
                     expansion: LayoutExpansion::new(true, true),
                 }],
@@ -121,6 +116,11 @@ impl Typesetter {
     }
 }
 
+/// A dynamic future type which allows recursive invocation of async functions
+/// when used as the return type. This is also how the async trait functions
+/// work internally.
+pub type DynFuture<'a, T> = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output=T> + 'a>>;
+
 /// The result of some pass: Some output `T` and feedback data.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Pass<T> {
diff --git a/src/library/font.rs b/src/library/font.rs
index a5ee7d9c..efcbb86f 100644
--- a/src/library/font.rs
+++ b/src/library/font.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+//! Font configuration.
+
 use fontdock::{FontStyle, FontWeight, FontWidth};
 use crate::length::ScaleLength;
 use super::*;
@@ -6,7 +8,7 @@ function! {
     /// `font`: Configure the font.
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
     pub struct FontFunc {
-        body: Option<SyntaxModel>,
+        body: Option<SyntaxTree>,
         size: Option<ScaleLength>,
         style: Option<FontStyle>,
         weight: Option<FontWeight>,
diff --git a/src/library/layout.rs b/src/library/layout.rs
index 5dd754bb..d46265a4 100644
--- a/src/library/layout.rs
+++ b/src/library/layout.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+//! Layout building blocks.
+
 use crate::length::ScaleLength;
 use super::*;
 
@@ -5,14 +7,14 @@ function! {
     /// `box`: Layouts content into a box.
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
     pub struct BoxFunc {
-        body: SyntaxModel,
+        body: SyntaxTree,
         width: Option<ScaleLength>,
         height: Option<ScaleLength>,
     }
 
     parse(header, body, ctx, f) {
         BoxFunc {
-            body: body!(opt: body, ctx, f).unwrap_or(SyntaxModel::new()),
+            body: body!(opt: body, ctx, f).unwrap_or(SyntaxTree::new()),
             width: header.args.key.get::<ScaleLength>("width", f),
             height: header.args.key.get::<ScaleLength>("height", f),
         }
@@ -25,14 +27,14 @@ function! {
         self.width.with(|v| {
             let length = v.raw_scaled(ctx.base.x);
             ctx.base.x = length;
-            ctx.spaces[0].dimensions.x = length;
+            ctx.spaces[0].size.x = length;
             ctx.spaces[0].expansion.horizontal = true;
         });
 
         self.height.with(|v| {
             let length = v.raw_scaled(ctx.base.y);
             ctx.base.y = length;
-            ctx.spaces[0].dimensions.y = length;
+            ctx.spaces[0].size.y = length;
             ctx.spaces[0].expansion.vertical = true;
         });
 
@@ -48,7 +50,7 @@ function! {
     /// `align`: Aligns content along the layouting axes.
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
     pub struct AlignFunc {
-        body: Option<SyntaxModel>,
+        body: Option<SyntaxTree>,
         aligns: Vec<Spanned<SpecAlign>>,
         h: Option<Spanned<SpecAlign>>,
         v: Option<Spanned<SpecAlign>>,
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ function! {
     }
 
     layout(self, ctx, f) {
-        ctx.base = ctx.spaces[0].dimensions;
+        ctx.base = ctx.spaces[0].size;
 
         let axes = ctx.axes;
         let all = self.aligns.iter()
diff --git a/src/library/mod.rs b/src/library/mod.rs
index 7b7034a0..7a664257 100644
--- a/src/library/mod.rs
+++ b/src/library/mod.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 //! The _Typst_ standard library.
 
-use crate::syntax::scope::Scope;
 use crate::func::prelude::*;
+use crate::layout::{LayoutContext, Commands};
+use crate::syntax::scope::Scope;
 
-pub_use_mod!(font);
-pub_use_mod!(layout);
-pub_use_mod!(page);
-pub_use_mod!(spacing);
+macro_rules! lib { ($name:ident) => { mod $name; pub use $name::*; }}
+lib!(font);
+lib!(layout);
+lib!(page);
+lib!(spacing);
 
 /// Create a scope with all standard functions.
 pub fn std() -> Scope {
@@ -17,10 +19,10 @@ pub fn std() -> Scope {
     std.add::<PageFunc>("page");
     std.add::<AlignFunc>("align");
     std.add::<BoxFunc>("box");
-    std.add_with_meta::<SpacingFunc>("h", Horizontal);
-    std.add_with_meta::<SpacingFunc>("v", Vertical);
     std.add::<ParBreakFunc>("parbreak");
     std.add::<PageBreakFunc>("pagebreak");
+    std.add_with_meta::<SpacingFunc>("h", Horizontal);
+    std.add_with_meta::<SpacingFunc>("v", Vertical);
 
     std
 }
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ function! {
     /// `val`: Layouts the body with no special effect.
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
     pub struct ValFunc {
-        body: Option<SyntaxModel>,
+        body: Option<SyntaxTree>,
     }
 
     parse(header, body, state, f) {
@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@ function! {
 
     layout(self, ctx, f) {
         match &self.body {
-            Some(model) => vec![LayoutSyntaxModel(model)],
+            Some(tree) => vec![LayoutSyntaxTree(tree)],
             None => vec![],
         }
     }
@@ -48,7 +50,7 @@ function! {
 
 /// Layout an optional body with a change of the text style.
 fn styled<'a, T, F>(
-    body: &'a Option<SyntaxModel>,
+    body: &'a Option<SyntaxTree>,
     ctx: LayoutContext<'_>,
     data: Option<T>,
     f: F,
@@ -58,9 +60,9 @@ fn styled<'a, T, F>(
         f(&mut style, data);
 
         match body {
-            Some(model) => vec![
+            Some(tree) => vec![
                 SetTextStyle(style),
-                LayoutSyntaxModel(model),
+                LayoutSyntaxTree(tree),
                 SetTextStyle(ctx.style.text.clone()),
             ],
             None => vec![SetTextStyle(style)],
diff --git a/src/library/page.rs b/src/library/page.rs
index f1dcc9bc..d1964fd2 100644
--- a/src/library/page.rs
+++ b/src/library/page.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+//! Page setup.
+
 use crate::length::{Length, ScaleLength};
 use crate::paper::{Paper, PaperClass};
 use super::*;
@@ -37,13 +39,13 @@ function! {
 
         if let Some(paper) = self.paper {
             style.class = paper.class;
-            style.dimensions = paper.size();
+            style.size = paper.size();
         } else if self.width.is_some() || self.height.is_some() {
             style.class = PaperClass::Custom;
         }
 
-        self.width.with(|v| style.dimensions.x = v.as_raw());
-        self.height.with(|v| style.dimensions.y = v.as_raw());
+        self.width.with(|v| style.size.x = v.as_raw());
+        self.height.with(|v| style.size.y = v.as_raw());
         self.margins.with(|v| style.margins.set_all(Some(v)));
         self.left.with(|v| style.margins.left = Some(v));
         self.right.with(|v| style.margins.right = Some(v));
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ function! {
         self.bottom.with(|v| style.margins.bottom = Some(v));
 
         if self.flip {
-            style.dimensions.swap();
+            style.size.swap();
         }
 
         vec![SetPageStyle(style)]
diff --git a/src/library/spacing.rs b/src/library/spacing.rs
index 68ef27f2..22c4669e 100644
--- a/src/library/spacing.rs
+++ b/src/library/spacing.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+//! Spacing.
+
 use crate::length::ScaleLength;
 use crate::layout::SpacingKind;
 use super::*;
diff --git a/src/style.rs b/src/style.rs
index 0490ef07..9dce381e 100644
--- a/src/style.rs
+++ b/src/style.rs
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ pub struct PageStyle {
     /// The class of this page.
     pub class: PaperClass,
     /// The width and height of the page.
-    pub dimensions: Size,
+    pub size: Size,
     /// The amount of white space on each side. If a side is set to `None`, the
     /// default for the paper class is used.
     pub margins: Value4<Option<ScaleLength>>,
@@ -108,21 +108,20 @@ impl PageStyle {
     pub fn new(paper: Paper) -> PageStyle {
         PageStyle {
             class: paper.class,
-            dimensions: paper.size(),
+            size: paper.size(),
             margins: Value4::with_all(None),
         }
     }
 
     /// The absolute margins.
     pub fn margins(&self) -> Margins {
-        let dims = self.dimensions;
+        let size = self.size;
         let default = self.class.default_margins();
-
         Margins {
-            left: self.margins.left.unwrap_or(default.left).raw_scaled(dims.x),
-            top: self.margins.top.unwrap_or(default.top).raw_scaled(dims.y),
-            right: self.margins.right.unwrap_or(default.right).raw_scaled(dims.x),
-            bottom: self.margins.bottom.unwrap_or(default.bottom).raw_scaled(dims.y),
+            left: self.margins.left.unwrap_or(default.left).raw_scaled(size.x),
+            top: self.margins.top.unwrap_or(default.top).raw_scaled(size.y),
+            right: self.margins.right.unwrap_or(default.right).raw_scaled(size.x),
+            bottom: self.margins.bottom.unwrap_or(default.bottom).raw_scaled(size.y),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/syntax/expr.rs b/src/syntax/expr.rs
index a551c2b6..0a9ab149 100644
--- a/src/syntax/expr.rs
+++ b/src/syntax/expr.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use std::u8;
 
 use crate::Feedback;
 use crate::length::Length;
-use super::span::Spanned;
+use super::span::{Spanned, SpanVec};
 use super::tokens::is_identifier;
 use super::value::Value;
 
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for ParseColorError {
 /// (false, 12cm, "hi")
 /// ```
 #[derive(Default, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub struct Tuple(pub Vec<Spanned<Expr>>);
+pub struct Tuple(pub SpanVec<Expr>);
 
 impl Tuple {
     /// Create an empty tuple.
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ impl Deref for NamedTuple {
 /// { fit: false, width: 12cm, items: (1, 2, 3) }
 /// ```
 #[derive(Default, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub struct Object(pub Vec<Spanned<Pair>>);
+pub struct Object(pub SpanVec<Pair>);
 
 /// A key-value pair in an object.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
diff --git a/src/syntax/mod.rs b/src/syntax/mod.rs
index e844fdf1..86c2fd24 100644
--- a/src/syntax/mod.rs
+++ b/src/syntax/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! Syntax models, parsing and tokenization.
+//! Syntax trees, parsing and tokenization.
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 #[macro_use]
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ mod test;
 
 pub mod decoration;
 pub mod expr;
-pub mod model;
+pub mod tree;
 pub mod parsing;
 pub mod span;
 pub mod scope;
diff --git a/src/syntax/model.rs b/src/syntax/model.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4eb2abe0..00000000
--- a/src/syntax/model.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,134 +0,0 @@
-//! The syntax model.
-
-use std::any::Any;
-use std::fmt::Debug;
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-
-use crate::{Pass, Feedback};
-use crate::layout::{LayoutContext, Commands, Command};
-use super::span::{Spanned, SpanVec};
-
-/// Represents a parsed piece of source that can be layouted and in the future
-/// also be queried for information used for refactorings, autocomplete, etc.
-#[async_trait(?Send)]
-pub trait Model: Debug + ModelBounds {
-    /// Layout the model into a sequence of commands processed by a
-    /// [`ModelLayouter`](crate::layout::ModelLayouter).
-    async fn layout<'a>(&'a self, ctx: LayoutContext<'_>) -> Pass<Commands<'a>>;
-}
-
-/// A tree representation of source code.
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub struct SyntaxModel {
-    /// The syntactical elements making up this model.
-    pub nodes: SpanVec<Node>,
-}
-
-impl SyntaxModel {
-    /// Create an empty syntax model.
-    pub fn new() -> SyntaxModel {
-        SyntaxModel { nodes: vec![] }
-    }
-
-    /// Add a node to the model.
-    pub fn add(&mut self, node: Spanned<Node>) {
-        self.nodes.push(node);
-    }
-}
-
-#[async_trait(?Send)]
-impl Model for SyntaxModel {
-    async fn layout<'a>(&'a self, _: LayoutContext<'_>) -> Pass<Commands<'a>> {
-        Pass::new(vec![Command::LayoutSyntaxModel(self)], Feedback::new())
-    }
-}
-
-/// A node in the [syntax model](SyntaxModel).
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum Node {
-    /// Whitespace containing less than two newlines.
-    Space,
-    /// Whitespace with more than two newlines.
-    Parbreak,
-    /// A forced line break.
-    Linebreak,
-    /// Plain text.
-    Text(String),
-    /// Lines of raw text.
-    Raw(Vec<String>),
-    /// Italics were enabled / disabled.
-    ToggleItalic,
-    /// Bolder was enabled / disabled.
-    ToggleBolder,
-    /// A submodel, typically a function invocation.
-    Model(Box<dyn Model>),
-}
-
-impl PartialEq for Node {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Node) -> bool {
-        use Node::*;
-        match (self, other) {
-            (Space, Space) => true,
-            (Parbreak, Parbreak) => true,
-            (Linebreak, Linebreak) => true,
-            (Text(a), Text(b)) => a == b,
-            (Raw(a), Raw(b)) => a == b,
-            (ToggleItalic, ToggleItalic) => true,
-            (ToggleBolder, ToggleBolder) => true,
-            (Model(a), Model(b)) => a == b,
-            _ => false,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl dyn Model {
-    /// Downcast this model to a concrete type implementing [`Model`].
-    pub fn downcast<T>(&self) -> Option<&T> where T: Model + 'static {
-        self.as_any().downcast_ref::<T>()
-    }
-}
-
-impl PartialEq for dyn Model {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &dyn Model) -> bool {
-        self.bound_eq(other)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Clone for Box<dyn Model> {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        self.bound_clone()
-    }
-}
-
-/// This trait describes bounds necessary for types implementing [`Model`]. It is
-/// automatically implemented for all types that are [`Model`], [`PartialEq`],
-/// [`Clone`] and `'static`.
-///
-/// It is necessary to make models comparable and clonable.
-pub trait ModelBounds {
-    /// Convert into a `dyn Any`.
-    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
-
-    /// Check for equality with another model.
-    fn bound_eq(&self, other: &dyn Model) -> bool;
-
-    /// Clone into a boxed model trait object.
-    fn bound_clone(&self) -> Box<dyn Model>;
-}
-
-impl<T> ModelBounds for T where T: Model + PartialEq + Clone + 'static {
-    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
-        self
-    }
-
-    fn bound_eq(&self, other: &dyn Model) -> bool {
-        match other.as_any().downcast_ref::<Self>() {
-            Some(other) => self == other,
-            None => false,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn bound_clone(&self) -> Box<dyn Model> {
-        Box::new(self.clone())
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/syntax/parsing.rs b/src/syntax/parsing.rs
index 75e30177..7594c14d 100644
--- a/src/syntax/parsing.rs
+++ b/src/syntax/parsing.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! Parsing of source code into syntax models.
+//! Parsing of source code into syntax trees.
 
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ use super::expr::*;
 use super::scope::Scope;
 use super::span::{Pos, Span, Spanned};
 use super::tokens::{is_newline_char, Token, Tokens, TokenMode};
-use super::model::{SyntaxModel, Node, Model};
+use super::tree::{SyntaxTree, SyntaxNode, DynamicNode};
 
-/// A function which parses a function call into a model.
-pub type CallParser = dyn Fn(FuncCall, &ParseState) -> Pass<Box<dyn Model>>;
+/// A function which parses a function call into a tree.
+pub type CallParser = dyn Fn(FuncCall, &ParseState) -> Pass<Box<dyn DynamicNode>>;
 
 /// An invocation of a function.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
@@ -73,12 +73,12 @@ pub struct ParseState {
 
 /// Parse a string of source code.
 ///
-/// All spans in the resulting model and feedback are offset by the given
+/// All spans in the resulting tree and feedback are offset by the given
 /// `offset` position. This is used to make spans of a function body relative to
 /// the start of the function as a whole as opposed to the start of the
 /// function's body.
-pub fn parse(src: &str, offset: Pos, state: &ParseState) -> Pass<SyntaxModel> {
-    let mut model = SyntaxModel::new();
+pub fn parse(src: &str, offset: Pos, state: &ParseState) -> Pass<SyntaxTree> {
+    let mut tree = SyntaxTree::new();
     let mut feedback = Feedback::new();
 
     for token in Tokens::new(src, offset, TokenMode::Body) {
@@ -87,9 +87,9 @@ pub fn parse(src: &str, offset: Pos, state: &ParseState) -> Pass<SyntaxModel> {
             // Starting from two newlines counts as a paragraph break, a single
             // newline does not.
             Token::Space(newlines) => if newlines >= 2 {
-                Node::Parbreak
+                SyntaxNode::Parbreak
             } else {
-                Node::Space
+                SyntaxNode::Space
             }
 
             Token::Function { header, body, terminated } => {
@@ -103,19 +103,19 @@ pub fn parse(src: &str, offset: Pos, state: &ParseState) -> Pass<SyntaxModel> {
                 parsed.output
             }
 
-            Token::Star => Node::ToggleBolder,
-            Token::Underscore => Node::ToggleItalic,
-            Token::Backslash => Node::Linebreak,
+            Token::Star => SyntaxNode::ToggleBolder,
+            Token::Underscore => SyntaxNode::ToggleItalic,
+            Token::Backslash => SyntaxNode::Linebreak,
 
             Token::Raw { raw, terminated } => {
                 if !terminated {
                     error!(@feedback, Span::at(span.end), "expected backtick");
                 }
 
-                Node::Raw(unescape_raw(raw))
+                SyntaxNode::Raw(unescape_raw(raw))
             }
 
-            Token::Text(text) => Node::Text(text.to_string()),
+            Token::Text(text) => SyntaxNode::Text(text.to_string()),
 
             Token::LineComment(_) | Token::BlockComment(_) => continue,
             unexpected => {
@@ -124,10 +124,10 @@ pub fn parse(src: &str, offset: Pos, state: &ParseState) -> Pass<SyntaxModel> {
             }
         };
 
-        model.add(Spanned::new(node, span));
+        tree.push(Spanned::new(node, span));
     }
 
-    Pass::new(model, feedback)
+    Pass::new(tree, feedback)
 }
 
 struct FuncParser<'s> {
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ impl<'s> FuncParser<'s> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn parse(mut self) -> Pass<Node> {
+    fn parse(mut self) -> Pass<SyntaxNode> {
         let (parser, header) = if let Some(header) = self.parse_func_header() {
             let name = header.name.v.as_str();
             let (parser, deco) = match self.state.scope.get_parser(name) {
@@ -197,9 +197,8 @@ impl<'s> FuncParser<'s> {
 
         let call = FuncCall { header, body: self.body };
         let parsed = parser(call, self.state);
-
         self.feedback.extend(parsed.feedback);
-        Pass::new(Node::Model(parsed.output), self.feedback)
+        Pass::new(SyntaxNode::Dyn(parsed.output), self.feedback)
     }
 
     fn parse_func_header(&mut self) -> Option<FuncHeader> {
@@ -662,26 +661,27 @@ fn unescape_raw(raw: &str) -> Vec<String> {
 #[allow(non_snake_case)]
 mod tests {
     use crate::length::Length;
-    use super::super::test::{check, DebugFn};
+    use crate::syntax::span::SpanVec;
+    use crate::syntax::test::{check, DebugFn};
     use super::*;
 
     use Decoration::*;
     use Expr::{Number as Num, Length as Len, Bool};
-    use Node::{
+    use SyntaxNode::{
         Space as S, ToggleItalic as Italic, ToggleBolder as Bold,
         Parbreak, Linebreak,
     };
 
     /// Test whether the given string parses into
-    /// - the given node list (required).
+    /// - the given SyntaxNode list (required).
     /// - the given error list (optional, if omitted checks against empty list).
     /// - the given decoration list (optional, if omitted it is not tested).
     macro_rules! p {
-        ($source:expr => [$($model:tt)*]) => {
-            p!($source => [$($model)*], []);
+        ($source:expr => [$($tree:tt)*]) => {
+            p!($source => [$($tree)*], []);
         };
 
-        ($source:expr => [$($model:tt)*], [$($diagnostics:tt)*] $(, [$($decos:tt)*])? $(,)?) => {
+        ($source:expr => [$($tree:tt)*], [$($diagnostics:tt)*] $(, [$($decos:tt)*])? $(,)?) => {
             let mut scope = Scope::new::<DebugFn>();
             scope.add::<DebugFn>("f");
             scope.add::<DebugFn>("n");
@@ -691,9 +691,9 @@ mod tests {
             let state = ParseState { scope };
             let pass = parse($source, Pos::ZERO, &state);
 
-            // Test model.
-            let (exp, cmp) = span_vec![$($model)*];
-            check($source, exp, pass.output.nodes, cmp);
+            // Test tree.
+            let (exp, cmp) = span_vec![$($tree)*];
+            check($source, exp, pass.output, cmp);
 
             // Test diagnostics.
             let (exp, cmp) = span_vec![$($diagnostics)*];
@@ -728,7 +728,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn Sub(e1: Expr, e2: Expr) -> Expr { Expr::Sub(Box::new(Z(e1)), Box::new(Z(e2))) }
     fn Mul(e1: Expr, e2: Expr) -> Expr { Expr::Mul(Box::new(Z(e1)), Box::new(Z(e2))) }
     fn Div(e1: Expr, e2: Expr) -> Expr { Expr::Div(Box::new(Z(e1)), Box::new(Z(e2)))  }
-    fn T(text: &str) -> Node { Node::Text(text.to_string()) }
+    fn T(text: &str) -> SyntaxNode { SyntaxNode::Text(text.to_string()) }
     fn Z<T>(v: T) -> Spanned<T> { Spanned::zero(v) }
 
     macro_rules! tuple {
@@ -757,7 +757,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     macro_rules! raw {
         ($($line:expr),* $(,)?) => {
-            Node::Raw(vec![$($line.to_string()),*])
+            SyntaxNode::Raw(vec![$($line.to_string()),*])
         };
     }
 
@@ -769,7 +769,7 @@ mod tests {
             #[allow(unused_mut)]
             let mut args = FuncArgs::new();
             $(
-                let items: Vec<Spanned<Expr>> = span_vec![$($pos)*].0;
+                let items: SpanVec<Expr> = span_vec![$($pos)*].0;
                 for item in items {
                     args.push(item.map(|v| FuncArg::Pos(v)));
                 }
@@ -778,7 +778,7 @@ mod tests {
                     value: Z($value),
                 })));)*)?
             )?
-            Node::Model(Box::new(DebugFn {
+            SyntaxNode::Dyn(Box::new(DebugFn {
                 header: FuncHeader {
                     name: span_item!($name).map(|s| Ident(s.to_string())),
                     args,
@@ -786,7 +786,7 @@ mod tests {
                 body: func!(@body $($($body)*)?),
             }))
         }};
-        (@body [$($body:tt)*]) => { Some(SyntaxModel { nodes: span_vec![$($body)*].0 }) };
+        (@body [$($body:tt)*]) => { Some(span_vec![$($body)*].0) };
         (@body) => { None };
     }
 
@@ -818,8 +818,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn unescape_raws() {
-        fn test(raw: &str, expected: Node) {
-            let vec = if let Node::Raw(v) = expected { v } else { panic!() };
+        fn test(raw: &str, expected: SyntaxNode) {
+            let vec = if let SyntaxNode::Raw(v) = expected { v } else { panic!() };
             assert_eq!(unescape_raw(raw), vec);
         }
 
@@ -834,8 +834,8 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn parse_basic_nodes() {
-        // Basic nodes.
+    fn parse_basic_SyntaxNodes() {
+        // Basic SyntaxNodes.
         p!(""                     => []);
         p!("hi"                   => [T("hi")]);
         p!("*hi"                  => [Bold, T("hi")]);
@@ -855,7 +855,7 @@ mod tests {
         p!("`hi\nyou"     => [raw!["hi", "you"]], [(1:3, 1:3, "expected backtick")]);
         p!("`hi\\`du`"    => [raw!["hi`du"]]);
 
-        // Spanned nodes.
+        // Spanned SyntaxNodes.
         p!("Hi"      => [(0:0, 0:2, T("Hi"))]);
         p!("*Hi*"    => [(0:0, 0:1, Bold), (0:1, 0:3, T("Hi")), (0:3, 0:4, Bold)]);
         p!("🌎\n*/[n]" =>
diff --git a/src/syntax/scope.rs b/src/syntax/scope.rs
index 83b9fdee..d3092944 100644
--- a/src/syntax/scope.rs
+++ b/src/syntax/scope.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
 
 use crate::func::ParseFunc;
 use super::parsing::CallParser;
-use super::model::Model;
+use super::tree::DynamicNode;
 
 /// A map from identifiers to function parsers.
 pub struct Scope {
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ impl Scope {
     /// Create a new empty scope with a fallback parser that is invoked when no
     /// match is found.
     pub fn new<F>() -> Scope
-    where F: ParseFunc<Meta=()> + Model + 'static {
+    where F: ParseFunc<Meta=()> + DynamicNode + 'static {
         Scope {
             parsers: HashMap::new(),
             fallback: make_parser::<F>(()),
@@ -31,14 +31,14 @@ impl Scope {
 
     /// Associate the given name with a type that is parseable into a function.
     pub fn add<F>(&mut self, name: &str)
-    where F: ParseFunc<Meta=()> + Model + 'static {
+    where F: ParseFunc<Meta=()> + DynamicNode + 'static {
         self.add_with_meta::<F>(name, ());
     }
 
     /// Add a parseable type with additional metadata  that is given to the
     /// parser (other than the default of `()`).
     pub fn add_with_meta<F>(&mut self, name: &str, metadata: <F as ParseFunc>::Meta)
-    where F: ParseFunc + Model + 'static {
+    where F: ParseFunc + DynamicNode + 'static {
         self.parsers.insert(
             name.to_string(),
             make_parser::<F>(metadata),
@@ -65,9 +65,9 @@ impl Debug for Scope {
 }
 
 fn make_parser<F>(metadata: <F as ParseFunc>::Meta) -> Box<CallParser>
-where F: ParseFunc + Model + 'static {
+where F: ParseFunc + DynamicNode + 'static {
     Box::new(move |f, s| {
         F::parse(f, s, metadata.clone())
-            .map(|model| Box::new(model) as Box<dyn Model>)
+            .map(|tree| Box::new(tree) as Box<dyn DynamicNode>)
     })
 }
diff --git a/src/syntax/test.rs b/src/syntax/test.rs
index 38a124aa..b701e577 100644
--- a/src/syntax/test.rs
+++ b/src/syntax/test.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use super::expr::{Expr, Ident, Tuple, NamedTuple, Object, Pair};
 use super::parsing::{FuncHeader, FuncArgs, FuncArg};
 use super::span::Spanned;
 use super::tokens::Token;
-use super::model::{SyntaxModel, Model, Node};
+use super::tree::{SyntaxTree, SyntaxNode, DynamicNode};
 
 /// Check whether the expected and found results are the same.
 pub fn check<T>(src: &str, exp: T, found: T, cmp_spans: bool)
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ function! {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
     pub struct DebugFn {
         pub header: FuncHeader,
-        pub body: Option<SyntaxModel>,
+        pub body: Option<SyntaxTree>,
     }
 
     parse(header, body, state, f) {
@@ -83,20 +83,14 @@ pub trait SpanlessEq<Rhs=Self> {
     fn spanless_eq(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool;
 }
 
-impl SpanlessEq for SyntaxModel {
-    fn spanless_eq(&self, other: &SyntaxModel) -> bool {
-        self.nodes.spanless_eq(&other.nodes)
-    }
-}
-
-impl SpanlessEq for Node {
-    fn spanless_eq(&self, other: &Node) -> bool {
-        fn downcast<'a>(func: &'a (dyn Model + 'static)) -> &'a DebugFn {
+impl SpanlessEq for SyntaxNode {
+    fn spanless_eq(&self, other: &SyntaxNode) -> bool {
+        fn downcast<'a>(func: &'a (dyn DynamicNode + 'static)) -> &'a DebugFn {
             func.downcast::<DebugFn>().expect("not a debug fn")
         }
 
         match (self, other) {
-            (Node::Model(a), Node::Model(b)) => {
+            (SyntaxNode::Dyn(a), SyntaxNode::Dyn(b)) => {
                 downcast(a.as_ref()).spanless_eq(downcast(b.as_ref()))
             }
             (a, b) => a == b,
diff --git a/src/syntax/tokens.rs b/src/syntax/tokens.rs
index a0af5a02..1ea11449 100644
--- a/src/syntax/tokens.rs
+++ b/src/syntax/tokens.rs
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ pub enum Token<'s> {
     ExprHex(&'s str),
     /// A plus in a function header, signifying the addition of expressions.
     Plus,
-    /// A hyphen in a function header,
-    /// signifying the subtraction of expressions.
+    /// A hyphen in a function header, signifying the subtraction of
+    /// expressions.
     Hyphen,
     /// A slash in a function header, signifying the division of expressions.
     Slash,
diff --git a/src/syntax/tree.rs b/src/syntax/tree.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..41a03fae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/syntax/tree.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+//! The syntax tree.
+
+use std::any::Any;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+
+use crate::layout::Layout;
+use super::span::SpanVec;
+
+/// A list of nodes which forms a tree together with the nodes' children.
+pub type SyntaxTree = SpanVec<SyntaxNode>;
+
+/// A syntax node, which encompasses a single logical entity of parsed source
+/// code.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum SyntaxNode {
+    /// Whitespace containing less than two newlines.
+    Space,
+    /// Whitespace with more than two newlines.
+    Parbreak,
+    /// A forced line break.
+    Linebreak,
+    /// Plain text.
+    Text(String),
+    /// Lines of raw text.
+    Raw(Vec<String>),
+    /// Italics were enabled / disabled.
+    ToggleItalic,
+    /// Bolder was enabled / disabled.
+    ToggleBolder,
+    /// A subtree, typically a function invocation.
+    Dyn(Box<dyn DynamicNode>),
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for SyntaxNode {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &SyntaxNode) -> bool {
+        use SyntaxNode::*;
+        match (self, other) {
+            (Space, Space) => true,
+            (Parbreak, Parbreak) => true,
+            (Linebreak, Linebreak) => true,
+            (Text(a), Text(b)) => a == b,
+            (Raw(a), Raw(b)) => a == b,
+            (ToggleItalic, ToggleItalic) => true,
+            (ToggleBolder, ToggleBolder) => true,
+            (Dyn(a), Dyn(b)) => a == b,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Dynamic syntax nodes.
+///
+/// *Note*: This is automatically implemented for all types which are
+/// `Debug + Clone + PartialEq`, `Layout` and `'static`.
+pub trait DynamicNode: Debug + Layout {
+    /// Convert into a `dyn Any`.
+    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
+
+    /// Check for equality with another dynamic node.
+    fn dyn_eq(&self, other: &dyn DynamicNode) -> bool;
+
+    /// Clone into a boxed node trait object.
+    fn box_clone(&self) -> Box<dyn DynamicNode>;
+}
+
+impl dyn DynamicNode {
+    /// Downcast this dynamic node to a concrete node.
+    pub fn downcast<N>(&self) -> Option<&N> where N: DynamicNode + 'static {
+        self.as_any().downcast_ref::<N>()
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for dyn DynamicNode {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &dyn DynamicNode) -> bool {
+        self.dyn_eq(other)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Clone for Box<dyn DynamicNode> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        self.box_clone()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> DynamicNode for T where T: Debug + PartialEq + Clone + Layout + 'static {
+    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn dyn_eq(&self, other: &dyn DynamicNode) -> bool {
+        match other.as_any().downcast_ref::<Self>() {
+            Some(other) => self == other,
+            None => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn box_clone(&self) -> Box<dyn DynamicNode> {
+        Box::new(self.clone())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/test_typeset.rs b/tests/test_typeset.rs
index 216e4a1a..6ac34c85 100644
--- a/tests/test_typeset.rs
+++ b/tests/test_typeset.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ fn main() {
 
     typesetter.set_page_style(PageStyle {
         class: PaperClass::Custom,
-        dimensions: Size::with_all(Length::pt(250.0).as_raw()),
+        size: Size::with_all(Length::pt(250.0).as_raw()),
         margins: Value4::with_all(None),
     });
 
@@ -148,13 +148,13 @@ fn render(
 ) -> DrawTarget {
     let pad = scale * 10.0;
     let width = 2.0 * pad + layouts.iter()
-        .map(|l| scale * l.dimensions.x)
+        .map(|l| scale * l.size.x)
         .max_by(|a, b| a.partial_cmp(&b).unwrap())
         .unwrap()
         .round();
 
     let height = pad + layouts.iter()
-        .map(|l| scale * l.dimensions.y + pad)
+        .map(|l| scale * l.size.y + pad)
         .sum::<f64>()
         .round();
 
@@ -166,8 +166,8 @@ fn render(
         surface.fill_rect(
             offset.x as f32,
             offset.y as f32,
-            (scale * layout.dimensions.x) as f32,
-            (scale * layout.dimensions.y) as f32,
+            (scale * layout.size.x) as f32,
+            (scale * layout.size.y) as f32,
             &Source::Solid(WHITE),
             &Default::default(),
         );
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ fn render(
             }
         }
 
-        offset.y += scale * layout.dimensions.y + pad;
+        offset.y += scale * layout.size.y + pad;
     }
 
     surface